Edgar Allan Poe’s The Masque of the Red Death Essay Example for Free

Edgar Allan Poe’s The Masque of the Red Death Essay Edgar Allan Poe’s short repulsiveness story entitled ‘The Masque of the Red Death: A Fantasy’ was distributed in Graham’s Magazine in 1838, and discusses a plague that the principle character, Prince Prospero, endeavors to sidestep (Laurent 2003). He holds a disguise ball, each in various shading, inside seven rooms in his monastery. Then again, Irvin Layton’s repulsiveness (or anticipation) sonnet entitled ‘Rhine Boat Trip’ was written in 1977 and discusses killed rabbis and the phantoms of youngsters in the occasions in Nazi Germany, particularly those that happened during the Holocaust (Rhine Boat Trip, n. d. ). These two writings are both awful, yet beside being distinctive regarding the arrangement and the length, both showcase differentiating points of view in their aesthetic, printed outlines. Poe’s short story and Layton’s short sonnet show an anticipation story; yet, all in all, they show various styles and time spans. While Poe’s style shows something that is as of now occurring and unmistakably depicted, Layton shows one that had just occurred before and is legitimately portrayed. Fundamental Body The Masque of the Red Death by Edgar Allan Poe This short story endeavors to depict how a plague called the Red Death enters Prince Prospero’s domain, a sovereign who is being portrayed as â€Å"happy and dauntless and sagacious† (Poe standard. 2). The plague that has cleared over the land is frightening. As portrayed, Blood was its Avatar and its seal â€the redness and the detestations of blood. There were sharp torments, and abrupt wooziness, and afterward lavish seeping at the pores, with disintegration. The red stains upon the body and particularly upon the essence of the person in question, were the nuisance restrict which shut him out from the guide and from the compassion of his individual men. Also, the entire seizure, progress and end of the sickness, were the episodes of thirty minutes. (Poe standard. 1) From this section, Poe determines how shocking the plague is. The casualty loses the greater part of the blood inside the body, which is the reason for abrupt wooziness and disintegration. Poe’s utilization of blood is sufficient to make the story horrifying to the peruser. Utilizing pictures that imply dreadfulness and fear, Poe makes the story one that makes the peruser repulsiveness struck. Be that as it may, the plague is said to have blasted just his domains and not Prince Prospero and his â€Å"hale and cheerful companions from among the knights and women of his court† (Poe standard. 2). Poe causes it to give the idea that the plague just strikes those that are not sound and happy or just those that are insidious, corrupted, or poor. At the point when his domains were sliced down the middle and the debased territories were at that point cast out, Prince Prospero is said to bring his companions, and utilizing a disguise ball inside seven rooms, each in various shading, of his castellated convent, he engages his companions in the midst of the plague. Poe depicts the convent: This was a broad and eminent structure, the production of the prince’s own erratic yet august taste. A solid and grand divider supported it in. This divider had entryways of iron. The retainers, having entered, brought heaters and massy pounds and welded the jolts. (Poe standard. 2) The specific portrayal of the castellated nunneries demonstrates that Prince Prospero and the one thousand happy companions are being shielded from the executing plague that has blasted over the land. At that point Poe starts to portray broadly the seven shaded rooms: It was an attractive scene, that masquerade†¦ There was a sharp turn at each twenty or thirty yards, and at each turn a novel impact. To one side and left, in the center of each divider, a tall and thin Gothic window watched out upon a shut hallway which sought after the windings of the suite. These windows were of recolored glass whose shading differed as per the overall tone of the adornments of the chamber into which it opened. (Poe standard. 4) Poe makes reference to that, depicting the enhancements of the castellated convent, Prince Prospero is really unusual, august, well proportioned, and odd. Poe likewise makes reference to that â€Å"[t]he tastes of the duke were impossible to miss. He had a fine eye for hues and impacts. He dismissed the decora of unimportant style. His arrangements were strong and fiery†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (standard. 6). A perplexing figure out of nowhere shows up, one that is depicted as â€Å"a veiled figure which had captured the consideration of no single individual before† (standard. 9). At the point when Prince defies the beguiling picture, he out of nowhere falls dead, as determined in these lines: â€Å"There was a sharp cry †and the knife dropped shining upon the sable floor covering, whereupon, in a flash a short time later, fell prostate in death the Prince Prospero† (standard. 12). The Red Death has entered the ball, and as the sovereign falls dead in the floor covering, the individuals floods to the figure to evacuate the veil, just to think that its vacant. Every one tumbles to the ground, as the plague enters every one of the one thousand visitors in the ball. The Red Death endless supply of the territory. The Masque of the Red Death is one repulsiveness story in which Poe embodies extraordinary and huge depiction in everything about piece of the story. Poe utilizes images, for example, hues and lines, so as to portray each detail gloriously and make the peruser see unmistakably. Rhine Boat Trip by Irvin Layton This 16-lined sonnet endeavors to portray how the mansions of the Rhine are spooky by apparitions of Jewish moms and kids in the lines: â€Å"The palaces on the Rhine/are completely spooky/by phantoms of Jewish moms/searching for their spooky children† (Rhine Boat Trip, L1-4). As opposed to Poe’s unmistakable depiction, Layton’s style is straightforward and simple to peruse and comprehend. It doesn't portray each detail independently but instead, puts the image and leaves the peruser allowed to depict each image. It permits the peruser to place in detail what the château resembled at Rhine. Placing the specific name of the château in the line is sufficient to picture the detail particularly. Not at all like Poe’s style, which gives the specific picture by depicting colossally the detail in the story, Layton’s style is one that utilizations words so as to portray gigantically what the image or detail gives off an impression of being. Notwithstanding, rather than portraying the château as something that is colossal, phenomenal, or unbelievable as Poe has done, Layton pictures the palace in an appalling way: â€Å"[A]nd the bunches of grapes/in the slanting vineyards/are hordes of blinded eyes/gazing at the visually impaired sun† (Rhine Boat Trip, L5-8). Layton in a split second pictures the palace as appalling, which is not quite the same as Poe’s style, wherein the last pictures the mansion as eminently embellished before deciphering it as stunning in the last bit of the story. Each word that Layton utilizes conveys a particular significance. This is not quite the same as the way where Poe composes, wherein he depicts in detail just to demonstrate that the spot is grand and is possessed by an awe inspiring duke living in the stronghold. In lines 5-8 of Layton’s sonnet, for instance, the bunches of grapes of line 5 doesn't simply delineate the Jewish families however may portray families or networks that incorporate everybody, including the peruser. In any case, in light of the fact that Layton utilizes ‘sloping’ when he depicts the vineyards, it might finish up to something that is negative, since it goes downhill, which is representative. Something contrary, for example, pessimistic traditions or culture that are found in the family or network, may have been remembered for the groups of individuals. The utilization of grapes additionally portrays significance, since grapes are utilized by the Jewish during the Passover and Holocaust. Having delineated as well, that the groups of grapes are really â€Å"myriads of blinded eyes† (Rhine L7), apparently the Jewish families (or German families) are blinded to what is going to happen to them and the encompassing network. They are gazing at the visually impaired sun on the grounds that there is no desire for them at long last, since God is going to rebuff them, it resembles God is no place in sight. In lines 9-10, wherein it says that â€Å"the vigorous Lorelei/can never brush from their hair† (Layton L9-10), apparently Lorelei is supplicating and doing penances to God; and in light of the fact that she can â€Å"never brush from their hair† (Rhine L10), it represents that notable individuals in the network, for example, Lorelei, ask and do penances to God, so the last may demonstrate leniency to them and afterward recall His pledge with them. Finally, lines 11-16 delineate the rabbis that have been killed and are crying: â€Å"[T]he red facial hair/of killed rabbis/anyway pleasantly they sing/one hears just/the low howl of the steers vehicles/moving imperceptibly over the land† (Rhine L11-16). Dark red is utilized to connote blood or demise. The word ‘one’ is being utilized to mean both the individual that hears just the moaning rabbis, just as, the One God that seems to have betrayed the Jewish individuals regardless of their supplications and contributions. Cows vehicles are moaning in line 15, implying that these cows vehicles that are â€Å"moving undetectably over the land† (Rhine L16) are not with dairy cattle yet with individuals, which connotes an express that is unfeeling and frightful. The cows vehicles are imperceptible on the grounds that, first, nobody had focused on them during their emergency; and, second, what the writer has been portraying is something that had just occurred before. This sonnet likewise delineates compelling enthusiastic reaction as a result of unmistakable pictures that were utilized by the author. Like Poe’s story, this sonnet utilizes pictures, for example, strongholds, grapes, vineyards, sun, rabbis, and dairy cattle vehicles. Be that as it may, dissimilar to Poe’s story, Layton’s style is one that is basic yet immediate; one that is more emblematic than that of Poe

Buisness Level Strategy

Question: What is the Buisness Level Strategy ? Answer : Presentation The point of this investigation is to examine and furthermore to talk about the different kinds of techniques and approaches utilized by the organizations like Apple and Nokia to endure and overwhelm the market and industry. Apple is a quickly developing and built up organization. Nokia is an organization that was one of the main organizations in the year 2007 however after the presentation of new brands in telephones, the organization couldn't have the option to command the market (Parasuraman, and Zinkhan, 2002). The examination presents numerous thoughts and ways by which the organization can continue and addition the old situation in the business of gadgets. The job of showcasing methodology and strategy assumes a fundamental job in making the brand and breaking the brand name. Examination and conversations on the systems embraced by APPLE The techniques embraced by APPLE to enter and make due in the profoundly serious market of customer gadgets are totally different and special. The organization has heaps of techniques and arrangements that help it to be one of the main organizations in cell phones and PC framework. The mystery behind this achievement is promoting procedures, structures of the items, item separation, plan principles, and so on that give clients a fulfillment. This permits the organization to appreciate the best maker of telephones and PCs (Wilkie, and Moore, 2003). The organization has loads of amazing components like a structuring firm, media stage, distributing organization, a powerhouse of programming, PC maker, and so forth. The specific methodologies received by the Apple are- Obliviousness of pundits The promoting system of the Apple expresses that overlook all the pundits that occur in the market and industry and spotlight on the work (Leonidou, Katsikeas, and Samiee, 2002). The point of the organization is to fabricate what they need and just spotlight on the expense of creation since individuals bear to pay more for what they need. Along these lines, they make advancements before every single dispatch. There must be something delightful rather than customary plans The highlights of the product and the plans of the telephone, workstations, PCs, iPad, and so on are one of a kind to the point that the clients need to purchase and use them. It gives them delight to utilize such wonderful plans (Aladwani, 2001). The focal point of this organization is on the UVP that is interesting incentive that is an exceptional strategy help the organization to produce delightful structures of the devices that work out of the crate. The focal point of this organization isn't on a solitary element however on the general item that shows the clients the whole apple items (Cova, and Pace, 2006). There is no compelling reason to put much in promotion The conviction of this organization is that in the event that the nature of items is acceptable, at that point it needn't bother with much commercial and advancement. The quality itself helps in the advancement and advertising of the products. Rather than this the organization needs to consider the item arrangement. The buzz structure the internet based life and the clients itself go about as a promotion of the item which is liberated from cost and all the more genuine. Apple point is to reach to the clients through a characteristic path and without accentuate and control them (Gummesson, 2005). This should be possible through reach to the influencers and insiders who help the organization to reach to the crowd. They additionally utilize free path projects and tributes to advance their items. There is a necessity to keep the advertising and item straightforward It is said that more isn't in every case great. There must be a few cutoff points and effortlessness. Now and then, the innovation gave by the organizations befuddles the clients and they dismiss the item due to over whelmed of innovation. Apple Company has decreased the disarrays by lessening the hey tech applications and programming. They additionally rearrange the showcasing of the items. Along these lines, they set a model for different organizations that viable promoting isn't the main thing to pull in the clients (Varadarajan, 2010). They accept that an excess of data and information may delude the clients. They make things straightforward and the clients of this organization love this showcasing system. The sites of apple are not a lot of appealing. Rather they are basic and the information is additionally restricted. It is applicable to know the client and converse with them appropriately The structures of focuses are basic and show the pictures of the excellent items with item determinations and specialized subtleties. Apple is an organization that knows its clients quite well and they know how t o fulfill their clients (Binsardi, and Ekwulugo, 2003). They realize how to impart and address them with the goal that they feel great and not confounded. They give clients one of a kind qualities like The iPods are simply not the music players but rather additionally the stockpiles gadget The iMac is simply not a PC but rather likewise gives delight and energy to the clients The iPhone of Apple are simply not the keen sharpens but rather an intensity of Apple PC in a little gadget The sites are site as well as a sum up and lovely form of all the data about the organization and its items (Luo, and Bhattacharya, 2009) Apple attempts to plan a superior encounter to the clients The item form gave by the Apple is very surprising from some other brand. They have made every single thing cautiously and flawlessly. They utilized a refined and refreshed adaptation of the components in all the gadgets. The thought process of this organization is to convey an incentive to the client for what they have paid (Madhavaram, and Hunt, 2008). This should be possible by giving them extraordinary arrangements. It is likewise seen at the apple stores that are wonderfully structured and the sort of administration gave is conventional and humble. The stores of apple propelled buys. There are warm lights, the shading plan is monochromatic, and so forth the huge windows with incredible perspective on apple items. Along these lines, the organization handles their clients and gives them another experience (Bloch, 2011). There is a need to construct a network of clients and clients The fan base of apple has created throughout the years and now there are in-your-face devotees of this brand everywhere throughout the world. In general, there are huge aficionados of this brand who are perpetual clients of the equivalent. It gives organization and eagerness and obsession (Parasuraman, and Grewal, 2000). The organization centers to construct a brand character. Basic conversations on what Nokia could have done another way to continue its underlying strength in the innovation business The organization Nokia was a market chief in the year 2007 with around 350 million of the handsets. Nokia was an organization that has likewise propelled an assistance of music framework that incorporates total download of any sort of music. The organization was attempting to develop as a web organization for the future yet now the organization is a cell phones organization that is gaining a decent ground so that in future it can become Internet Company too. However, the organization had made misfortune after the dispatch of music framework administrations. The proprietors of Nokia said that Apple is an organization that can give intense rivalry to the Nokia handsets (Verhoef et al. 2009). There are different brands likewise that offer rivalry to Apple like Motorola, Nokia, Samsung, Sony, Philips, Panasonic, and so on. These are the organizations that are creating in nature. The bit of leeway with Nokia brand is that they have adaptability in their brands and they utilize straightforward systems to infiltrate the market and rivalry present in the business. The organization needs to proceed with this technique to support its underlying predominance in the innovation business. Presently, the market of Nokia is contracting step by step. The presentation and dispatch of new brands in the market leads in shrinkage for the interest of the results of this organization. So as to endure and proceed with the strength of Nokia brand, the organization need to make systems and get development their items so they can reach to the level at which they were previously (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2012). The organizations need to make a market position by confronting the difficulties and making powerful systems. The organizations need to investigate the chances and danger and afterward they need to outline arrangements. The organization can do mergers and securing so as to continue in the business sectors They can get a handle on imaginative thoughts from the main organizations with the goal that they can create and fabricate the items and administrations as needs be The organization needs to investigate and gather all the open doors present in the market to make benefits and incomes later on. They can focus on the developing markets of telephones and different gadgets Improvement of programming and applications is likewise a decent alternative to go into the market as it help in boosting of incomes and benefits for the organization in the underlying stage Strategically pitching of the Nokia telephones to the business association, undertakings, customers, and so forth. End A finish of the current investigation is that the advertising technique is one of the critical things that help the brands to set up their name and notoriety in the market and in the psyches of clients. Along these lines, it is the duty of every single brand whether it is Apple or Nokia to make compelling advertising approaches to stay in the opposition. There are different ways that can likewise help yet it is the as a matter of first importance component that impacts the brand picture. References Aladwani, A.M., 2001. Change the executives methodologies for effective ERP usage. Business Process the executives diary, 7(3), pp.266-275. Binsardi, A. also, Ekwulugo, F., 2003. Global showcasing of British training: look into on the understudies observation and the UK advertise entrance. Showcasing Intelligence Planning, 21(5), pp.318-327. Bloch, P.H., 2011. Item plan and showcasing: Reflections following fifteen years. Diary of Product Innovation Management, 28(3), pp.378-380. Cova, B. what's more, Pace, S., 2006. Brand people group of accommodation items: new types of client

Mobile Marketing for Dummies

Mobile Marketing for Dummies Today’s phones have advanced far beyond the simple devices used to make telephone calls. With text messaging, internet connections, camera and other applications available anywhere in the world â€" all in the palm of your hand â€" the cell phone has become more than a communication device, it is a full service piece of technology. In an effort to leverage every avenue of reaching potential customers, companies and marketing experts have begun using mobile marketing campaigns. © Shutterstock.com | Julia TimThis article will explore 1) the types for mobile marketing, 2) facts and figures of mobile marketing, 3) tips for optimizing mobile marketing, and 4) strategies for mobile marketing.TYPES FOR MOBILE MARKETINGMobile marketing is more than simply sending advertisements to a mobile phone. There are specific regulations that must be followed, and different types for marketing. Some of the types of mobile marketing are: SMS / MMS, Mobile App, Location-based marketing, QR barcodes, Pay per Call, Mobile banner ads. Below there are described some of the most successful types of mobile marketing strategy:Permission Based MarketingAs mobile marketing is considered a branch of internet marketing, the idea of mobile marketing seems easy enough â€" send advertisements and notifications to potential customers via their cell phones. However, the reality is that mobile marketing has specific requirements and regulations that users must follow to take advantage of this service. Because of this, mobile marketing is dependent on permission based marketing.Permission based marketing relies on collecting the customer’s phone number through various means; either requesting it in return to a service, or as a subscription that generates rewards, as an example. The customer must opt-in to receive marketing material on their mobile device, and must be given the opportunity to opt-out of future messages.Text and multi-media messages (SMS MMS)Text and multi-media messaging, often known as Short Message Service (SMS) and Multi-Media Service (MMS), is the process of sending out information to customers in quick, large batches. Text and multi-media messages can be used to tell of upcoming events, daily coupons, new products or sales that may be of interest to customers. In exchange for allowing the company to send marketing via text and multi-media, many companies offer free services or discounts to customers.SMS and MMS marketing is extremely cost efficien t; one text message can be sent to large numbers of people at one time. Generally handled through a marketing service for a low monthly fee, text message reports can give the company immediate information regarding the success or failure of the marketing campaign.Push NotificationsA variant on text message marketing, push notifications are alerts that are sent through apps on the customer’s phone. To receive push notifications, the customer must first download a specific company’s app, and then must agree to receive their notifications. Once the customer begins receiving the alerts, they have the option to turn notifications off if they find the messages intrusive or bothersome.Push notifications that have the highest rate of success are relevant to the customer, personalized and offer enticing information that keep customers engaged. In order to improve even more the the relationship with already established customer, the company can use GPS location to send notifications based on their location or build on customer behavior.Location Based ServicesSkillful mobile marketing strategies include a combination of push notifications, text messages and location based services. Location based services are already being utilized as a means of identifying contact information and location details of a company. For mobile marketing purposes, location based services goes beyond the standard phone book information and combines the act of shopping with the use of online marketing.Location based services can include click-to-call options on an app, QR codes, mobile coupons, or Geo-Fencing. These specialized offers and marketing methods can engage with the customer based on their physical proximity to a company’s location â€" making it more likely that a customer will take advantage of the offers presented.Quick Response codesQR codes are the square barcodes (black white) that can be scanned by a customer using a mobile phone. Whenever the code was read and recognized by a mobile phone, customer can read more about the product behind the barcode, as well as getting information on promotions, discounts, business informations, and so on.What is Mobile Marketing? MOBILE MARKETING FACTS AND FIGURESWhen considering embarking on a mobile marketing strategy, one must determine if the ROI is worth the initial effort and investment. Careful examination of recent statistics gives an indication of how pervasive the use of mobile devices has become, and can provide motivation for starting a mobile marketing strategy.Number of People with Mobile PhonesAccording to Pew Internet Research, over 90% of American adults own a cell phone, and over 58% have a smart phone. Of those users, 67% of those users report checking their cell phone for messages, alerts and notifications â€" even if their phone has not vibrated or rung.Globally, over 14 countries have cell phone subscriptions that number over 100 million. These 14 countries account for 61% of the world’s mobi le subscribers.Of the 6.8 billion people on the planet, over 4 billion report owning a cell phone while only 3.5 billion people own their own toothbrush. Interestingly, 90% of cell phone owners report having their phone within reach 24/7.Usage Rates of PhonesSo what are customers doing with their phones? The average person sends over 400 text messages a month. An astonishing 74% of American cell users report they use their phone for directions or to find locations, and approximately 15% of users ‘check-in’ with social media at various locations.More than simply a social tool, cell phones are increasingly being used to conduct business, process payments and more. In fact, 80% of cell phone users indicate that they plan on making a purchase via mobile commerce within the next year.MOBILE STRATEGIESWith the information you’ve gathered, how do you put the pieces of the puzzle together to create a mobile marketing strategy that works?Optimize for MobileThe newest form of telemarket ing â€" using the mobile phone â€" has opened a whole new frontier for advertising and brand recognition. Optimize your website for mobile devices, and don’t be afraid to make drastic changes in the next year. Use a responsive design for your site. Responsive sites automatically adjust based on the size of the screen the page is being viewed on. Test your site on several different devices to make sure that the main features of the page are transformed properly.Location ServicesStill an under-used feature of mobile marking, the location services features offers a world of exciting new marketing opportunities. Use the customer’s location to generate specific offers and coupons, use additional information gathered to target specific items or services. This can be done through push-based location services.With location services, you can ask your customers to connect with you in a meaningful way. Ask customers to check-in when they get to your place of business. Offer special deals f or group check-ins that are checking in together. Provide a simple task that they must complete before receiving a bonus offer, extra discount or sale. By targeting your customers effectively, you can develop an entirely new line of customers before they even step in 6th grade.Text MessagingWith the increasing number of people sending text messages every day, the use of this feature as a marketing tool is essential. Text message campaigns must always include opt-out features, and need to be careful to not be considered spam. Include elements of storytelling to help keep customer interest and act as a hook that brings the customer back time and time again.The text message can be a powerful, quick method of providing customers with a chance to take action. Informing them about an upcoming sale, new store hours or polling customers about how they use your product are all interactive methods of reaching customers outside the traditional means.Mobile AppsMobile apps add more expense to t he media marketing plan, but can be a great way to develop engagement with customers in a way that a simple website cannot achieve. Mobile apps should have their own value â€" not simply be a copycat version of the original site.QR CodesAlong with mobile apps, QR codes are another tool in the media strategy toolbox that may work for your business. These special codes can be used to track analytics, give additional information or special coupons or discounts. QR codes can be printed on brochures, newspapers, special mailers and more. They are useful when the web address is long, to provide interaction with the company and share coupons or special offers.Putting the power of the mobile marketing machine to work for your company is an effective way to maximize advertising dollars. By capitalizing in the areas where there is a high percentage of users, then you will be offering customers another opportunity to discover what you have to offer. Further, by embracing the technology trend, you’ll be ahead of the other companies who continue to rely on traditional marketing. When mobile marketing is done right, it gives customers a positive perspective on your company, and provides up to four times the likelihood that the consumer will make a purchase. In addition, the inclusion of mobile marketing to a marketing strategy is like adding layers â€" they overlap and intertwine and support one another. A multi-faceted strategy will provide a means for moving from text messages to the internet, from a push notification to the text; all designed to continue the engagement with the customer and convert them from a mobile shopper to a committed consumer.AnalyticsNo matter how great the marketing strategy may be, if there is no measurement standard, there is no concrete way to determine the strategy’s success. Using information gathered based on the customer’s requests and interaction, analytics can give you specific data about the success or failure of your mobile marke ting media strategy.Finding out what action the customer took after receiving your mobile media message can help provide guidance of how to word your campaigns, what time to send your notifications and more. The analyst can provide insight into how social media has been affecting the future for customers. If there is a good customer response, the analytics will reflect the success of the strategy. Perhaps push notifications got better results when they were preceded by an email campaign. Knowing when the customer receives their notifications can also provide insight into how the ads perform, what the reaction to the notification was and even how long the customer stayed on the page reading the information.The copious amounts of data collected by cell providers offer more information than any company could hope to use. Select some areas that you feel strongly about and then develop a strategy to include that area in your next analytics report. If you are increasing the number of text messages being sent weekly, track the response rate in your analytics program to determine if the increased number is helping.Effective Mobile Marketing Strategies to Get New Customers Quick! TIPS FOR OPTIMIZING MOBILE MARKETINGAs technology advances, customers are becoming savvier and have begun to demand more from the consumers who want their attention. Not content to simply stare at a picture of a product as a motivation to purchase, today’s marketing efforts are showcased through high quality video, relevant content, engaging storytelling and a distinct call to action.Customers today are selective in what they will allow into their phone â€" and so they are even more discriminating of the material allowed onto their screen. How can you optimize the marketing strategy that you’ve developed for mobile devices?Mobile DisplayThe visual appeal of a site is one of the site’s most important features. Consumers report that if a site they are visiting has a website that is poorly designed, they will simply not mention the website to their family or friends.Make the most of the interaction the customer has with your mobile marketing. Offer the customer a clear call to action â€" they are in a unique position to respond immediately. Provide the customer with the chance to engage right away.Focus on the customer. Using the latest technology tools, companies can identify customers based on their shopping habits, their location, and their recent purchases. Targeting your customer in an individualized manner automatically creates a connection, and demonstrates that your company is aware of the importance of each customer. Companies that utilize generalized, non-specific marketing methods are often dismayed with the results, as their conversion rates are typically low. To truly capitalize on your marketing method, be intentional in your marketing efforts and focus on the individual customers.Mobile WebsitesMany companies incorrectly assume that their mobile site mu st be a clone of the original website. The mobile site doesn’t need to outshine the internet site, nor does it require the use of bells and whistles. Of utmost importance is the optimization of the site for use on multiple platforms and devices. The site needs to load quickly, be clean and functional.In the mobile platform, the motto of ‘Less is more” could become a standard battle cry. Instead of trying to cram everything deemed important about you and your company onto the front page of your mobile website, allow the customer to explore and engage with the company. Remember that without quality contest, the most entertaining site will quickly become meaningless. Focus on providing meaningful, rich content, and then build on entertainment and excitement.Maintain your focus on the customer by maximizing location based services, if available. Keeping the most recent articles and postings near the top will allow users to find the newest material quickly.Mobile AppsPerhaps more t han anything else, the most pressing issue facing mobile apps is to ensure that they work. Apps should be beta tested on a variety of devices and operating systems to make sure that they work across the board. The app should be free, easy to get and user friendly.There are few things more frustrating than getting ready to use a feature of your phone, only to discover that the battery is dead (again!). Be respectful of customer’s cell phones. While it is easy to get caught up in the frenzy of sending out notifications after notification, make sure that the person receiving the river rock will have the opportunity to opt-out as needed or desired. Large, slow apps that constantly put a drain on the battery will most likely be deleted or ignored by the customer.Best Practices for Mobile Marketing Campaigns

The World War I Ended - 1744 Words

World War One began on July 28, 1914 after the Austrian-Hungarian emperor was assassinated by coordination of The Black Hand secret society, a Serbian nationalist group. The war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary began. The First World War is known for its trench warfare, alliances, and technological advancements. World War I ended on November 11, 1918 ending in an allied victory. World War II, also known as the Second War, began on September 1, 1939. World War II was much more brutal than World War I, the German, Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist, Nazi Party, killed over 60 million people. The war came to an end on September 2, 1942 when the surrender was signed aboard the battleship U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay. Advancements†¦show more content†¦Maxim’s invention expanded on the hand-powered Gatlin gun and was soon able to fire over 600 rounds per minute (Levy 114). After the First World War erupted the machine gun was not immediately adopted by all cou ntries in the war. During the early parts of World War I battlefield tactics were similar to those used by Napoleon. This military style of battlefield strategy focused on the infantry moving forward as a group to raid and attack. The military leaders were not certain how useful the machine gun would be on the battlefield because during the early stages of the war the machine gun and the ammunition were very heavy. It took four to six people to operate the overly awkward machine during the early years of World War I. A rifle and a pistol were much more effective in the traditional battlefield approach. Hiram Maxim introduced his invention to the British Army prior to start of the First World War. The British rejected the machine gun because they believed that it was an improper form of warfare. However the German Army began modifying and improve Maxim’s invention in an effort to gain an advantage on the battlefield. The German version of the machine gun was called the â€Å"Maschinengewehr 08.† It is estimated that the Germans had over 12,000 machine guns at the beginning of the war and British had only a few hundred (Duffy 2). Though advancements of the machine gun created a weapon able to fire

My Office Smoking A Little Rope - 2047 Words

her office smoking a little rope. Frankly, one couldn t tell if she had been smoking all day or not at all as she always acted the same. Classee and Japes became friends for life and would reconnect many times in the future. Mellow, was the executive chef and like a number of servers was promoted by Shorty from a line position. He was a worker that tried hard, but he was not a manager. Japes spent years in kitchens and worked with executive chefs as well as line cooks. Mellow was undoubtedly a good line cook. For all of Shorty s humor and energy he made poor choices by promoting servers that did not possess the skills necessary to qualify for the jobs. Shorty, was constantly managing day-to-day situations that would have been handled by†¦show more content†¦Jitters’ was the assistant general manager and was a skittish server. This was the only time in Japes career that he saw a server placed in such a poor position. Jitters had a little bit of a Kiva in him as he always did what Shorty told him to do. He was not independent of thought and showed true difficulty in making a decision. He was always nervous whether conducting a meeting or simply walking the hall. An honest server and a good citizen of the hotel, but in the wrong role for someone so ill-prepared. He was seen from time to time in the public space of the hotel with Mr. London. Mr. London’, was the President of the Hotel Division and was responsible for all the general managers and their assistants. He was from Europe and was the one who insisted on complying with the demanding work schedule. He would openly berate Jitters at the top of his lungs in front of everyone. He would publicly embarrass him to make a point. The only point he was trying to make was that he was in charge and all the servers would fall in line. The only real communication Japes had with Mr. London started as Mr. London one day decided to raise his voice at Japes. 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Musharraf Era Pakistan Flourishes Free Essays

string(42) " also be from these Foreign Universities\." Compiled By: Mirza Rohail B  ©Our leader – Musharraf http://presidentmusharraf. wordpress. com/ All this is all the more amazing when one considers that just six years ago, Pakistan was on the verge of bankruptcy, with only a little more than $1bn in foreign exchange reserves and its stock market teetering at 1,000 points (worth $5 billion only) and foreign debt servicing at 65% of GDP. We will write a custom essay sample on Musharraf Era: Pakistan Flourishes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our exports were at a pitiful $7. 5 billion. The once ever-declining rupee stood stable at around 60-61 to a dollar since Musharraf took over. Of the 184 member countries of the IMF, Pakistan’s rate of economic growth 7% is one of the best in the world. The Karachi stock market is now above 13,000 points and worth around $65 billion. Now foreign debt servicing has lowered to become 28%. Our exports increased to become $18 billion. 1. Pakistan economy is among the fastest growing economies in the world as its economy has reached the size of $170 billion from a mere $70 billion in 1999. Pakistan attracted a record FDI of $8. 6 billion in 2007-08. 2. 2007: National revenues had swelled from Rs 308 billion during 1988-99 to around Rs 800bn in 2007; and FBR estimates now 2. 8 million Income Tax payers. Year Total CBR Direct Indirect Custom Sales Central excise 1998-99 308. 5bn 110. 4bn 198. 1bn 65. 3bn 72bn 60. 8bn 2005-06 712. 5bn 224. 6bn 487. 9bn 138. 2bn 294. 6bn 55bn 2008-09 810. 3bn 305bn – 105. 3bn 319. 3bn 80. 5bn (2008-09 Progressive) 3. Public sector development program (PSDP) has also grown from Rs 80 billion in 1999; to Rs 520 billion in 2007 and increased further to Rs 549. 7 billion in 2008. 4. FACT: The rate of growth in Pakistan Large Scale Manufacturing (LSM) is at a 30-year high. Construction activity is at a 17-year high. LSM: 1999-00 was 1. 5% and 2004-05 was 19. 9% and 2006-07 was 8. 6% and 2007-8 is 5%. 5. FACT: The Infrastructure Industries Index, which measures the performance of Seven industries, i. e. Electricity generation, Natural gas, Crude oil, Petroleum products, Basic metal, Cement and coal, has recorded a 26. 2 percent growth in Industrial sector of Pakistan. 6. FACT: Jan 14: Pakistan now has a total of 245,682 Educational institutions in all categories, including 164,579 (i. . 67 per cent) in the public sector and 81,103 (i. e. 100 per cent) in the private sector, reports the National Education Census (NEC-2005). The census — jointly conducted by the Ministry of Education, the Academy of Educational Planning and Management (AEPAM) and the Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS) — reveals that the number of private-sector institutions has increas ed from 36,096 in 1999-2000 to 81,103 in 2005, i. e. by 100 per cent. 45,007 Educational Institutions have increased in Musharraf Era. 7. FACT: Pakistan is 3rd in world in Banking profitability, a report of IMF said. On the IMF chart, Pakistan’s banking profitability is on third position after Colombia and Venezuela. On the IMF chart India is on 36th position and China is on 40th position. Pakistan’s Banking sector turned profitable in 2002. Their profits continued to rise for the next five years and peaked to Rs 84. 1 ($1. 1 billion) billion in 2006 8. 11 May 2009: By producing 7. 746 tonnes of gold during the last five years – 2004 to 2008 – Pakistan joins the ranks of gold producing countries. According to the data with the Saindak Metal Limited – during the last five years – Pakistan has produced 86,013 tonnes of copper, 7. 46 tonne gold and 11. 046 tonne silver, besides the production of 14,482 tonnes of magnetite concentrate (iron), bringing in a total of $633. 573 million. 9. In 1999 what we earned as GDP: we used to give away 64. 1 % as foreign debt and liabilities. Now in 2006, what we earn as GDP: we give ONLY 28. 3 % as foreign debt and liabili ties. Now we are SAVING 35 % of Our GDP for economic growth. According to Department of Finance, External debt liabilities (EDL) and DAWN: 1988 – $ 18 bn —– 1990 – $ 20. 5 bn —– 1999 – $ 38. 9 bn —– 2000 – $ 35. 48 bn —– 2001 – $ 37. 2 bn —– 2002 – $ 34. bn —– 2003 – $ 35. 4 bn —– 2004 – $ 35. 3 bn —– 2005 – $ 35. 8 bn —– 2006 – $ 37. 6 bn —– 2007 – $ 40. 5 bn —– 2008 – $ 45. 9 bn —– 2009 – $ 50 bn 10. According to Economic Survey 2005. Poverty in Pakistan in 2001 was 34. 46%. And, now after 7 years of Musharraf; Poverty in 2005 was 23. 9%. Poverty DECREASED by 10. 56%. Overall, 12 million people have been pushed out of Poverty in 2001 -2005! 11. Literacy rate in Pakistan has increased from 45% (in 2002) to 53% (in 2005). And, Education now receives 4% of GDP and English has been introduced as compulsory subject from grade 1. 2. 12-4-07: The IT industry, which was virtually non-existent seven years ago, has grown to be worth $2 billion of which $1 billion is export related. It rregistered a 50% growth. 55 foreign IT companies have already entered the market. Now the sector employed 90,000 professionals. 13. 30-1-08: The government has decided to set up a modern hospital cum Medical University in collaboration with the Harvard Medical International, USA, at a cost of Rs 18 billion. The university will be built at the Defence Housing Authority (DHA), Islamabad. A total of 2,500 students will be taught at the graduate level, while additional 600 seats will be available for postgraduate research courses. 14. Nov 2006: President Musharraf says that Pakistan will set up Nine Engineering World Class Science and Technology Federal Universities by 2008 with foreign assistance. He said the institutions of higher learning would be established in collaboration with Italy, South Korea, Japan, France, Sweden, Netherlands, Germany, Austria and China. The Cost of building these Foreign Universities will be above Rs 96. 5 billion. The Vice Chancellors, Heads of department, Professors and Faculty of the planned university will be from these Foreign Universities; while the Examination system, Quality assurance followed and the Degree awarded will also be from these Foreign Universities. You read "Musharraf Era: Pakistan Flourishes" in category "Papers" 15. Government has approved to give at least 4% of GDP to Education in 2007 budget. 16. In 1999-2000 there were 31 Public Universities. Now 2005-2006 there are 49 Public Universities. HEC setup 47 Universities. a) Air University (established 2002) b) Institute of Space technology, ISB (established 2002) c) Sardar Bahadur Khan Women University, Quetta (established 2004) ) University of Science Technology, Bannu (established 2005) e) University of Hazara (founded 2002) f) Malakand university, Chakdara (established 2002) g) Karakurum International university, Gilgit (established 2002) h) University of Gujrat (established 2004) i) Virtual University of Pak, Lahore (e stablished 2002) j) Sarhad University of IT, Peshawar (established 2001) k) National Law University, ISB (2007) l) Media University, ISB (2007) m) University of Education, Lahore (2002) n) Lasbella University of Marine Sciences, Baluchistan (2005) o) Baluchistan University of IT Management, Quetta (2002), etc. 7. 6-member delegation of Australian Department of Education, Science Technology and AusAID, is visited Pakistan on the request of PM Shaukat Aziz to help Pakistan in its efforts to realign its TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and Training) according to the market needs. Chairman NAVTEC Altaf Saleem informed the delegation about NAVTEC plans to increase the capacity to train one million people annually by 2010 from the present annual capacity of 320,000. 18. Defense Exports of Pakistan have crossed the $200 million mark as the country’s robust Defense manufacturing industry continues to expand. This was disclosed by Major General Syed Absar Hussain, Director General, Defense Export Promotion Organization; after IDEAS 2006 Karachi . 19. President Musharraf inaugurated an over Rs. 1. 36 billion 18 Mega Watt Naltar hydro power project. The project, completed in four years at Naltar near Gilgit. 20. Pakistan is now in Large-scale Nuclear expansion. The reactor under construction†¦ could produce over 200kg of weapons-grade plutonium per year, assuming it operates at full power for a modest 220 days per year. At 4 to 5 kilograms of plutonium per weapon, this stock would allow the production of 40-50 Nuclear weapons a year,† the report said. 21. The Karachi Port Trust (KPT) and Hutchison Port Holdings (HPH) of Hong Kong will sign a concession agreement tomorrow for setting up a US$1 billion Deep-water container port, the first in Pakistan. KPT will invest $450 million for infrastructure development for the project. HPH will invest $557 million. In the first phase, a 1,500m quay wall will be built with a designed dept of 18m. 22. GILGIT: President Musharraf inaugurated the dry port in the border town of Sust, 200km north of Gilgit. The Dry port, a Pakistan-China joint venture, was built in 2004 at a cost of Rs90 million. It is 10,000-foot high Sust Dry Port. 23. Dec 2006: President Musharraf said many canals, including the Thal and Raini canals, were being constructed for better utilization of the water available. He said Rs66 billion was being spent on brick-lining of 87,000 canals in the country, adding that 6,000 new canals would be brick-lined next year. 24. The Private Power Infrastructure Board (PPIB) has approved expansion of Tarbela dam power project that would generate 960 MW costing $500 million. 25. President Musharraf Thursday inaugurated the Mirani Dam. Mirani Dam in Kech area of Mekran district with a catchment area of 12,000 square kilometre has been built in four years at a cost of Rs6 billion that includes Rs1. 5 billion in compensation to the affected people. It will have a storage capacity of over 300,000 million acre feet of water. 26. Gomal Zam Dam: This project started Aug 2002 and is expected to be completed early 2008. It is located in the Damaan in NWFP. It is 437 feet high and will irrigate about 163,000 acres of land. The total costs amounts to Rs. 12 billion. Having a gross storage of 1. 14 MAF. It will produce 17. 4 MW of electricity. 27. Mushrraf says the government is constructing the Rs40 billion Katchi Canal and Punjab had been gracious to provide land for its 350 kilometre stretch that will pass through the province. 28. The Economic Coordination Committee decided to set up a $2-billion mega Oil refinery at Khalifa Point in district Hub, Balochistan. The refinery, commissioned by 2010, would have a maximum refining capacity of 13 million tons of petroleum products – higher than the country’s total existing capacity of 12. million tons. 29. Pakistan Steel Mills Corporation (PSMC) during the quarter July-Sept 2007 recorded the highest ever-sales figure of Rs 9. 3012 billion. 30. The Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) sector of Pakistan has attracted over Rs 70 billion investments during the last five years as a result of liberal and encouraging policies of the government. Presently, some 1,765 CNG stations are operating in the country, in 85 cities and towns, and 1000 more would be setup in the next three years. It has provided employment to 30,000 people in the country. 31. The Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) has registered 1,135 companies during the first quarter (July-September 2007). With the new registrations the total number of registered companies with SECP as on September 30 has reached 50,125. 32. Telecom sector has attracted an investment of $ 9 billion in last three years. It created of 80,000 jobs directly and 500,000 jobs indirectly. 33. Corrupt Incompetent Nawaz Sharif made one motorway M2 (Lahore – Islamabad). Under Musharraf 6 Motorways completed or under construction: M1 (Islamabad to Peshawar) – (Rs. 3 bn) – [155 km] – (started 2003 – Completed Oct 2007) M3 (Pindi to Faisalabad) – (Rs. 5. 6 bn) – [53 km] – (started 2002 – Completed 2004) M8 (Gwadar to Ratodero) – [1072 km] – (started 2004 – will complete 2009) M9 (Karachi to Hyderabad) – (Rs. 6. 3 bn) – [136 km] – ( M10 (Karachi Northern bypass) – (Rs 3. 5 bn) – [56 km] – (completed 2007) M11 (Lahore to Sialkot) – (Rs. 23 bn) -[101 km] – (started 2006 – under construction) 34. Under Musharraf various Highways under construction throughout the country. Including N5, N-25, N-35, N-45, N-50, N-55, N-65, N-70, N-75, N-80, S-1, etc. 35. General Pervez Musharraf inaugurated the Makran Coastal Highway (N-10) project in August 2001, consisting of Karachi-Gwadar, Pasni-Gwadar, and Ormara-Liari (Balochistan) Highways. The Liari-Ormara Highway costed Rs3. 9 billion and Pasni-Gwadar Highway Rs2. 8 billion respectively. The total length of Makran Coastal Highway is 533 kilometers. † 36. 2-12-07: Sialkot International Airport Limited (SIAL) completed. The 1,002-acre airport is 13 km west of Sialkot and is linked by a road to Gujranwala, Wazirabad, Gujrat, Narowal, the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) and the Sialkot Dry Port Trust. 7. Ghandara International Airport (Islamabad) the first-ever green-field airport being built at a cost of $400 million; with a renowned international consultant, Louis Berger Group of USA. President Musharraf laid the foundation stone of the project on April 7, 2007 and will be completed by Dec 2010. Its total area is 3700 acres (15 km? ). 38. Major Industrial estates are being developed under M usharraf’s vision: M3 Industrial estate, Sundar Industrial estate, Chakri Industrial, Port Qasim Industrial estate, etc. 39. Oct 2007: In the current fiscal year the Mining and Quarrying sector has registered a growth rate of 5. 6 percent. Increased growth was propelled by strong growths recorded in magnetite (30 percent), dolomite (26. 1 percent), Limestone (25. 2 percent) and chromites. 40. The government has already started various initiatives, to discover and develop world-class copper-gold deposits in Chagai Baluchistan; by Australian Firms that would fetch $500 million to $600 million per year. 41. Major reserves of COPPER GOLD in Baluchistan’s Rekodiq area have been discovered in early 2006. It has ranked Rekodiq among the world’s top seven copper reserves. The Rekodiq mining area has proven estimated reserves of 2 billion tons of copper and 20 million ounces of gold. According to the current market price, the value of the deposits has been estimated at about $65 billion, which would generate thousands of jobs. 42. Executive Committee of National Economic Council (ECNEC) on Wednesday approved 45 developmental projects in its meeting, including six revised projects with a total cost of Rs 154. 1 billion with a foreign exchange component (FEC) of Rs 36. billion. 43. Rs 9. 8 billion have been allocated for 91 different mega projects at Public Sector Universities across the province, said Sindh Governor Dr Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan. 44. Oct 2007: A fully functional TMS (Tax Management System), including profiling, withholding, return/payment filing, rectification, refunds, audit, and legal tracking is scheduled to be operational by 2007 in Pakistan, to process the tax year 2007 returns, according to World Bank. 45. The government is providing Sui Gas facility to areas of South Punjab at a cost of Rs 1. 311 billion. A total of 1,138 kilometre gas pipeline is being laid. The districts benefiting from these schemes mainly include Multan, Khanewal, Bahawalnagar, Rajanpur, DG Khan, Vehari and Muzaffargarh. 46. The KHI city government’s rehabilitation of Industrial zones and improvement plan for all those four industrial zones, of the city needs to be completed in 7-8 months. Projects worth Rs 2. 5 billion and beautification Rs 4. 5 billion. 47. 27-11-07: Pakistan Navy Ship Zarrar, the first of Multi-Role Tactical Platform (MRTP-33), was commissioned into Pakistan Navy at a ceremony at PN Dockyard. 48. 9-12-07: City Nazim Mustafa Kamal said the construction work of 47-storey IT Tower in the vicinity of Civic Center at a cost of $200m would start soon. Around 40,000 youth would get employment in the IT Tower. It will have 10,000 call centers of which 6,000 have been booked so far. 49. The President approved the project of laying of 940-kilometre-long â€Å"standard gauge† Railway track b etween Gwadar and Quetta that would cost Rs 75 billion. A German firm won the contract. 50. To increase the income of Farmers, the Government is investing Rs7. 80 billion under which a Food Security Program will be launched. Initially it will be launched in 1,000 villages. He said Rs 3. 60 billion would be invested in live-stocks and dairy sectors. About 1,200 model dairy farms and 2,950 cattle breeding farms will be established under this investment. 51. Pakistan will launch a Self-controlled Remote Sensing Satellite System (RSSS) at a cost of Rs19. 3 billion to ensure strategic and unconditional supply of satellite remote sensing data for any part of the globe over the year. SUPARCO will implement it over a period of six years. President Musharraf has approved the project in principle. 52. Governor inaugurated the DUHS Medical Research City with Dow Diagnostic Reference and Research Laboratories and Jinnah Genome Centre as its important components. He also laid the foundation stone for a library and sports complex which houses different constituent institutions of the university. 53. President Musharraf also inaugurated a 50-bed state-of-the-art Workers Welfare Fund Kidney Center. The first-ever kidney center in Baluchistan, constructed on 7. 5 acres at a cost of Rs385 million and having the diagnostic, dialysis, surgical and lab facilities will help the people of this area. 4. Karachi: The building of the 50-bed Kidney Centre in Landhi has been completed. Minister Muhammad Adil Siddiqui . He said that the building of this centre had been built at a cost of Rs70 million. 55. CM Pervaiz Elahi inaugurated Pakistan’s first Software technology park (STP) on Ferozpur Road to be implemented by Punjab IT Board (PITB). The Rs 1. 5 billion project is set over area of 32 kanals; will be completed in 12 months and is expected to create direct 10,000 jobs and generate economic activity of Rs 9 billion per year. 56. In what is considered a major leap for Pakistan, a Polytechnic Institute is being established to produce skilled workforce that will rescue the manufacturing industry from the clutches of foreign dependence. Being built in Korangi at a cost of Rs450 million, this government-funded institute will start operating in January 2007 and prepare 500 workers by the end of first year, besides producing 22 different types of dies and moulds for aviation, telecom, pharmaceutical and other industries. Experts from Germany, Japan and Thailand assisted in developing curriculum. 57. Police Act 1861 replaced by Police Order 2002 after 141 years. Police force divided into three separate wings: Watch and ward, Investigation and Prosecution. 58. Federal Minister for Commerce in order to modernize tobacco farming in the country; is setting up a state-of-the-art Tobacco Research Center in Bunner. Annually 8 million kilograms of Virginia tobacco (fine quality), worth Rs 9. 2 billion is cultivated in Bunner. Under construction. 59. The government has formed â€Å"Pakistan Gems and Jewellery Development Company (PGJDC)† with a cost of Rs 1. 4 billion, to increase the export of gem and Jewellery from $25 million to $1. 5 billion by 2017. 60. In 1999, Pakistanis could only afford to buy a total of 32,461 locally assembled Cars. The latest annual figure stands at 115,000. Currently, there are 1. 3 million cars on Pakistani roads as opposed to 815,000 cars some five years ago; a 60 percent jump in car ownership. 61. In 1999, a total of 94,881 new Motorcycles were sold in Pakistan. In 2005, Pakistanis bought or leased some 500,000 new motorcycles. 62. ISB: To convert the Karachi Fisheries Harbour Authority (KFHA) in a style of Sydney Fish Market, the government proposes an action plan worth $10 million so as to make the KFHA a profitable authority. Estimated, Pakistan has a fish and seafood industry worth $1. 2 billion. Exports alone are worth nearly $200 million per annum. More than 0. 8 million people rely directly or indirectly on the industry for their livelihood. 63. FACT: Pakistan globally ranks 10th among the countries which were among the most active in perusing pro-business policies. A report â€Å"Doing Business in 2006? co-sponsored by World Bank and International Finance Corporation (IFC). (c) ECONOMIC PAKISTAN and PRESIDENT MUSHARRAF http://economicpakistan. wordpress. com/2008/01/09/pakistan-flourishes/ http://presidentmusharraf. wordpress. com/ How to cite Musharraf Era: Pakistan Flourishes, Papers

Mrs.Dalloway Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example

Mrs.Dalloway Rhetorical Analysis Essay Throughout the novel, Wolf employs chromatic imagery whilst describing the advancing society of modern London, portraying the lively mood of its citizens . During World War l, England faces a very dark time in its history. However after Armistice D ay, England goes through a very joyous time period full of life and technological advances. Woo Ifs chromatic imagery includes the recurring image of the red 5), as well as ma NY other color, including white, violet, red, deep orange(1 5), to describe the flowers of the SST ore that Claries sited in the beginning of the book. Later, Wolf employs a plethora of silver images to accentuate Calamaris home, along with Calamaris green dress and yellow ha t to accentuate her style. With all of these colors brightening up Calamaris life, the read easily assumes that Claries lives a joyous life brought on by her affluent life. Law 2 Ironically enough, Calamaris apparently vivid life actually possesses a very gloom my side as expressed in Calamaris gloomy tone. While Claries walks through her lively neighborhood to go buy her beautiful flowers, dark thoughts cloud her mind. She realizes her I joss of identity brought upon by her marriage which will result in her being Mrs.. Daylong; n tot even Claries any more; being Mrs.. Richard Daylong. (1 1) Instead of being happy that Clara as married an affluent man in her community, she seems to regret her decision. As the story progresses, Claries reveals that she fears she married Richard to achieve financial stability y, not her own happiness. This decision focuses on the modernist obsession to marry for fin uncial reasons instead of personal desires. We will write a custom essay sample on Mrs.Dalloway Rhetorical Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mrs.Dalloway Rhetorical Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mrs.Dalloway Rhetorical Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Calamaris relationship with her daughter Elizabeth also faces corruption in the modern era. For a part of the book Elizabeth spends a lot of time with her history teacher, Mrs.. Kalmia, who dislikes Claries. This relationship between Claries and Kalmia places a strain on Calamaris relationship with Elizabeth. In addition, Claw risks continuously searches for a deeper meaning in her life; an answer she feels try Lully empty without. Claries worries that her materialistic desires and her obsession with mundane e things such as parties and appearances corrupt her life. So Calamaris intimate relationships tit her husband and daughter fragment in the midst of the modernist characteristics. Virginia Wolf employs a very unique writing style in Mrs.. Daylong by telling the story mainly through inner monologues. This writing style mixes true dialogue bet en characters and the inner dialogue with themselves, revealing the difference between what the e characters say and what the characters think. In many parts of the book, this creates a very strand GE situation. For example, when Peter and Claries first encounter in the book, Peter tells Clara as about his new eve but at the same time he thinks about how much he loves Claries. Like WI SE, Claries Law 3 discusses her happy new life with Richard, but later on second guesses her De concision to reject Peter. If the two simply spoke their minds, then they would not face such tragic c situations. Also, later in the book Richard wants to tell Claries how much he loves her, but he does not. Again, the reader knows how Richard feels, but Claries does not. Finally Septum s peaks nonsense throughout the novel, but he keeps a lot of what he wants to say trapped in hi s mind. If Lucrative longingly listens to Septum instead of claiming insanity, their relationship woo old blossom. Instead, Septum bottles up his emotions until he tragically ends his life. This further exemplifies the fragmentation of relationships during the modern era. Relation unships survive when partners can communicate, but due to the Modern eras Obsession with saving time, people create less intimate relationships with people since they do not spend as much h time getting to know each other. This emotional distance creates communication problems h arming the damaged relationship even further. Instead of splitting her novel into chapters, Virginia Wolf lets Mrs.. Daylong flow freely, just as a day does. However, she does split the day up into different it me periods usually signified by a bell or a clock. In the beginning of the novel, Big Ben strikes. (4) signifying the the time, and as the story progresses, more clocks remind the characters of t he time. This constant ringing throughout the story not only states the time, but it reminds the characters that time moves on. As they all worry about their appearances and their parties an d their relationships ND their hats, time continues to move forward. The ringing bell reminds the m of their mortality, awakening the mot do what they must do. It also brings them out of the state of reminiscing on memories and it reminds them to focus on the present instead of the past. D ruing the modern times, people advance so they can save time. Time becomes a valuable com oddity to people; so Law 4 valuable that they forget to spend time appreciating nature and appreciating people in their lives. The modernist obsession with time brought about the ultimate fragmentation f intimacy, because suddenly people did not have time to waste on other people. As humans advance, they begin to lose their connection with their fellow man . As they obsess over doing things quickly for themselves, they forget to spend time to gather. As they begin to fear what people may think of them, they avoid speaking their minds . As humans cease factories communications with each other, they begin to separate complete y. If people fail to create relationships with each other, then they will never create a relationship with his or herself.

20 Evocative French Words

20 Evocative French Words 20 Evocative French Words 20 Evocative French Words By Mark Nichol English has borrowed words from other languages indiscriminately, and has done so for hundreds of years. Often, this happens even when a perfectly sound native or imported synonym already exists, but sometimes the new term gains its footing because it expresses a concept better than an existing term, or conveys a connotation or nuance no other single word or phrase does. But speakers and writers of English don’t always use the word as it is intended, leading to semantic drift. In the interests of preserving the purity of some highly evocative terms, here are twenty such words acquired from French: 1. Bà ªte noir (literally, â€Å"black beast†): someone to whom one is averse 2. Cachet (â€Å"seal†): originally, a seal or mark of approval; now, also (and primarily) used in a figurative sense meaning â€Å"prestige† (though it has additional meanings in philately, or stamp collecting) 3. Calque (â€Å"copy†): a literal translation of a word or phrase into one language from another, as in French-to-English vers libre (â€Å"free verse†) or English-to-French seconde main (â€Å"second hand†) 4. Dà ©tente (â€Å"relaxation†): an easing of political tensions; specifically, the thawing of the Cold War during the 1970s 5. Élan (â€Å"rush, impetus†): high spirit or enthusiasm 6. Ennui (â€Å"annoyance†): annoyance or boredom 7. Fà ªte (â€Å"feast, festival†): a celebration, or to celebrate 8. Haute couture (â€Å"high fashion†): High-quality custom tailoring, referring either to specific garments or to the industry; sometimes called simply couture 9. Lagniappe (from yapay, â€Å"to increase,† from the native South American language Quecha, by way of American Spanish and Louisiana French): a merchant’s small gift to a customer; in general usage, a modest bonus 10. Malaise (â€Å"discomfort†): a feeling of poor mental or physical health, or a sense of cultural unease 11. Mà ©tier (â€Å"work, ministry†): a type of work or other activity at which one excels 12. Panache (â€Å"small wing,† from Latin through Italian): flair or flamboyance 13. Parvenu (â€Å"new arrival†): an upwardly mobile newcomer to a socioeconomic class (synonym: â€Å"nouveau riche, or â€Å"newly rich†); the term is pejorative 14. Patois (â€Å"native or local speech†): a nonstandard dialect, especially the speech of uneducated or provincial speakers, or a jargon 15. Raconteur (â€Å"one who recounts†): a storyteller, or anyone skilled at relating anecdotes 16. Riposte (â€Å"retort†): originally the name of a fencer’s offensive response to an attack; now, also refers to the verbal equivalent, either spoken or written 17. Rouà © (literally, â€Å"broken on the wheel†): a hedonistic man (synonyms: libertine, rake); not to be confused with roux, a word for a flour-and-fat mixture used as a thickener 18. Sang-froid (literally, â€Å"cold blood†): self-possession under pressure 19. Savant (â€Å"one who knows,† from savoir, â€Å"to know†): a learned person, especially a specialist; also a shortening of â€Å"idiot savant,† a clinical term for a mentally disabled person with anomalous skill or ability in one area of learning, or a casual term for someone whose knowledge is almost exclusively in one subject 20. Timbre (â€Å"quality of a sound†): the particular characteristics of a musical note or other sound Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†7 Patterns of Sentence StructureUsing "May" in a Question

Illocutionary Acts in Speech-Act Theory

Illocutionary Acts in Speech-Act Theory In speech-act theory, the term illocutionary act refers to the use of a sentence  to express an attitude with a certain function or force, called an  illocutionary force, which differs from locutionary acts in that they carry a certain urgency and appeal to the meaning and direction of the speaker.   Although illocutionary acts are commonly made explicit by the use of performative verbs  like promise or request, they can often be vague as in someone saying Ill be there, wherein the audience cannot ascertain whether the speaker has made a promise or not. In addition, as Daniel R. Boisvert observes in Expressivism, Nondeclarative, and Success-Conditional Semantics that we can use sentences to warn, congratulate, complain, predict, command, apologize, inquire, explain, describe, request, bet, marry, and adjourn, to list just a few specific kinds of illocutionary act. The terms  illocutionary act  and  illocutionary force  were introduced by British linguistic philosopher John  Austin in 1962s How to Do Things With Words, and for some scholars, the term illocutionary act  is virtually synonymous with speech act. Locutionary, Illocutionary, and Perlocutionary Acts Acts of speech can be broken down into three categories: locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. In each of these, too, the acts can either be direct or indirect, which quantify how effective they are at conveying the speakers message to its intended audience. According to Susana Nuccetelli and Gary Seays Philosophy of Language: The Central Topics, locutionary acts are the mere act of producing some linguistic sounds or marks with a certain meaning and reference, but these are the least effective means of describing the acts, merely an umbrella term for the other two which can occur simultaneously. Speech acts can therefore further be broken down into illocutionary and perlocutionary wherein the illocutionary act carries a directive for the audience, such as promising, ordering, apologizing and thanking. Perlocutionary acts, on the other hand, bring about consequences to the audiences such as saying I will not be your friend. In this instance, the impending loss of friendship is an illocutionary act while the effect of frightening the friend into compliance is a perlocutionary act. Relationship Between Speaker and Listener Because perlocutionary and illocutionary acts depend on the audiences reaction to a given speech, the relationship between speaker and listener is important to understand in the context of such acts of speech. Etsuko Oishi wrote in Apologies, that the importance of the speakers intention in performing an illocutionary act is unquestionable, but, in communication, the utterance becomes an illocutionary act only when the hearer takes the utterance as such. By this, Oishi means that although the speakers act may always be an illocutionary one, the listener can choose to not interpret that way, therefore redefining the cognitive configuration of their shared outer world. Given this observation, the old adage know your audience becomes especially relevant in understanding discourse theory, and indeed in composing a good speech or speaking well in general. In order for the illocutionary act to be effective, the speaker must use language which his or her audience will understand as intended.

Lifelong Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lifelong Learning - Essay Example These include cousera, w3schools, OpenLearn Alison, Stanford, and MIT. W3schools for instance, offers courses on SQL, PHP, JavaScript, CSS, HTML5, Server Side Scripting, XML tutorials, Web building, jQuery and HTML Graphics. On the other hand, cousera offers a wider variety of courses depending on the field of study. These range from mobile application development, databases, and major programming languages including Java, Android, C++ and C. Various universities have partnered to offer these courses free of charge. The scope is wide covering virtually everything in the field of computing and technology. The classes I may be interested in taking include advanced database design and management, Database administration, data mining and data warehouse, software development and information & cyber security. I will also be keen to take a course in human-computer interaction that is offered by cousera. The reasons for choosing these courses is to be able to manage data at the highest level to ensure that I create efficient and reliable queries to retrieve information from the database. Software development is vital especially in Java so as to integrate the backend database and the front end to be able to deliver user-friendly applications that are robust. The human-computer interaction course comes in to cover the knowledge gap in providing products that will make navigation and usage easy for users. That is the basis of customer satisfaction in the use of those products. The security is important since technology is evolving and leaving loopholes. Thus persons with ill intentions access information from various institutions and use it for their own good (The Basics of Information Security, 2014). I want to be able to counter hackers and crackers. Consequently, I wish to be in a position of offering vital advice to the institutions in the security measures to implement in to protect it

The lack of uniformity for liability on multimodal transports Dissertation

The lack of uniformity for liability on multimodal transports - Dissertation Example As Nes (2002) points out, during last centuries, unimodal transport conventions such as an urban network, a regional network, or a national network of transport were the main modes of transport for goods and services. As the volume transport increased, the global traders were forced to develop improved alternatives to overcome the existed difficulties. Multimodal transport convention has been designed as an alternative to the unimodal transport system and it refers to the transfer of goods under a single contract but involves in at least two different methods of transport (Roemer). Multimodal transport contains a chain of process and steps such as multiple storage and handling stages which require a thorough control (Gocheva). Lack of uniformity in multimodal transports As Devia (2008) points out the main difficulty associated with the carriage of goods is that there is no international regime in force regarding various modes of transport. It produces many confusions and barriers for the smooth operation of the stages of transport. As a result of this lack of uniformity in regulation, it is forced to apply the determination of the law to a specific transport process when different modes of transport are deployed (Haak, 2005). It also creates some difficulties for the international transport of goods. According to Sturley (2007), there may arise some problems in the transport of goods between countries located at different continent if the goods in transit are damaged. He says the reason that the law regarding carriage of goods may vary from region to region and from continent to continent due to the absence of a common law in force (Sturley). In such cases, it is very difficult to identify the places or stages where the damages occurred so that the liability of the carrier varies in relation to the court where he is sued. The Multimodal Transport Operator (MTO) is the carrier of the contract and the responsibility of cargo or goods reaches his shoulders as soon as he takes the possession of goods and bears this risk until the goods are being delivered (Ralph, 3). Although the MTO bears the whole risk of the goods in transport, he does not directly take part in the process of actual transfer of goods. On the other hand, he usually subcontracts the certain parts of the same to the network of subcontractees on a commission basis. According to the uniform liability rules, the MTO is liable for the goods of the shipper so that he has to pay compensation to the shipper if the goods in transit are damaged at any stage of the transport (United Nations,.20). Sometimes, the shipper’s goods may get damaged due to the negligence of the sub carrier who does not have any direct liability towards the shipper since he has not entered into any contract with the shipper. At the same time, the sub carrier has jointly formed a contract with MTO and he has to pay compensation to the MTO if the contracted goods are damaged while their possession lies wi th the sub carrier (unimodal law). Due to the lack of uniformity of ‘uniform liability rules’ and ‘unimodal laws’, an MTO would not recover the whole compensation amount from the sub carriers; and it would lead MTO to huge losses. Although network liability system and modified liability system have developed to solve the difficulties associated with transport of goods, it cannot bring uniformity in applicable liability regimes for multimodal transport. Rotterdam Rules Rotterdam rules or United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International

the tempest Essay -- essays research papers

Through the use of his magic, Prospero seeks to surpass worldly values and create a utopia, or ideal society. This becomes evident in how Shakespeare portrays the innocence of Ferdinand and Miranda. He insists that Ferdinand not â€Å"Break her virgin knot before All sanctimonious ceremonies may.†(Act 4, Scene 1) Prospero’s seeking to create an ideal society also becomes evident in his attempts at making his usurping brother and his court to repent. Thus, he is trying to make right of what has gone wrong in the world. He does this by working with his faithful spirit Ariel and using his magical knowledge to create a world in which he can create his own future and reconcile with his past. When his opportunity arrives to make his enemies repent, Prospero seizes the opportunity and sets out to reverse the events that occurred twelve year previously. â€Å"Hell is empty and all the devils are here,†(Act 1, Scene 1) Ferdinand yelled as he leapt from the burning ship during the tempest. The great tempest that Prospero bade Ariel to create was made by magic. The ship burned but it did not split, break, or sink. The ship was brought safely into the harbor and her crew was magically charmed to sleep. The occurrence of a mighty storm is a pivotal plot-mover, as well as a symbol for transformation. In The Tempest, the storm provides for the arrival of the King of Naples, the usurping Duke of Milan, Gonzalo, and the rest of their party, including Stephano and Trinculo. While the latter two do not...

Academic Research Akunna Onyedum

ASPECTS OF THE PHONOLOGY OF GUNGANCHI LANGUAGE BABATUNDE, Oluwatobi Olayemi 07/15CB045 A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND NIGERIAN LANGUAGES, FACULTY OF ARTS, UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN ILORIN – NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS (B. A. Hons) IN LINGUISTICS MAY, 2011. CERTIFICATION This essay has been read and approved as meeting the requirements of Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. _________________________________________________ DR. (MRS. ) B. E. AROKOYODATE Project Supervisor ________________________________________________ PROF. A. S. ABDUSSALAMDATE Head of Department _________________________________________________ EXTERNAL EXAMINERDATE DEDICATION This project work is dedicated to the Almighty God, the Alpha and Omega, who gives wisdom and excellence. My dear father, Engr. O. A. Falade, who has been there for me up till this tim e. You are my hero. May God reward you. ACKNOLWEDGEMENTS My profound gratitude goes to the Lord for seeing me through my studies at the University of Ilorin. He has been the Alpha and Omega, my help, inspiration and the source of knowledge and wisdom. He alone deserves my appreciation. Also, my gratitude goes to my lovely parents, ENGR. AND MRS. O. A. FALADE for their love, care, advice, guidance and for providing for all my educational needs. The Almighty God will grant you long life, and enable you to reap the fruits of your labour (Amen). You are the best parents in the world, I love you dearly. I also appreciate the great efforts of my able supervisor, Dr. (Mrs. ) B. E. Arokoyo, who guided me through in my research work, she gave me her time and motherly assistance despite the inconvenience. May the Lord be with you and reward you (Amen). I also appreciate all my lecturers. I want to also appreciate the love and prayers of my kid brother BABATUNDE JOHN TEMITOPE. And my aunts Mrs. O. Y. Philips and Miss Olushola Faniyi. I also want to appreciate the effort of Ogunbiyi Abayomi. You all have been wonderful. My sincere gratitude goes to my informant Corporal Labbo Alkali who helped me in acquiring all necessary information about Gunganchi. May the Lord reward you richly (Amen). Also, I appreciate my friends: Bakare Bimbo, Olagbenro Bola, Dikko Oluwaseun, Adebayo Funke, Saka Tokunbo, Ogunbowale Tobi, Adekoya Oluwaseun, Ajagunna Gideon, Bamidele Bukola, Oyeniran Gbolagade Adebayo Adewale. I also appreciate the effort of my pastor, Pastor Tunde and those who have in one way or the other contributed to the success of this research. Thank you all. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Pagei Certificationii Dedicationiii Acknowledgements iv Table of Contentsvi CHAPTER ONE: 1. 0Introduction 1 1. 1General Background1 1. 2Historical Background of Gunganchi People2 1. 3Sociocultural Background or Profile of the Gunganchi People4 1. 4Genetic Classification of Gunganchi10 1. 5Scope and Organization of Study 11 1. 6Data Collection12 1. 7Data Analysis13 1. 8Review of the chosen Theoretical Framework13 CHAPTER TWO: BASIC PHONOLOGICAL CONCEPTS . 0Introduction 21 2. 1Phonology21 2. 2Sound Inventory of Gunganchi24 2. 3Phonological Description of Gunganchi Consonants and their Distribution 28 2. 4Vowels42 2. 5Distribution of Vowels45 2. 6Distribution of Nasalized Vowels51 2. 7Tonal Inventory54 2. 8Syllable Inventory 56 2. 9Distinctive Features 59 CHAPTER THREE: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN GUNGANCHI 3 . 0Introduction 70 3. 1Phonological Processes70 CHAPTER FOUR: TONAL PROCESSES AND SYLLABLE PROCESSES 4. 0Introduction 78 4. 1Tone System in Gunganchi78 4. 2Functions of Tone in Gunganchi82 4. 3Tonal Processes83 4. 4Syllable Structure85 4. 5Syllable Structure Rule in Gunganchi89 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, FINDINGS/OBSERVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 5. 0Summary93 5. 1Finding/Observations94 5. 2Recommendations95 5. 3Conclusion96 References97 CHAPTER ONE 1. 0INTRODUCTION This chapter is aimed at discussing the case study of the Gungawa people who speak Gunganchi language. It will note their general background, historical background, sociocultural profile, the genetic classification of Gunganchi language. This chapter will also discuss the scope and organization of study, the chosen theoretical framework, data collection, and the data analysis for this project work. 1. 1GENERAL BACKGROUND The Gunganchi people are a tribe that are also called the â€Å"Bareshe† people by their Hausa neighbours which means â€Å"Island Dwellers†, it was told they were given this name due to their closeness to lakes and rivers. Among themselves, they are commonly called â€Å"Gungawa, Tsureja, Bareshe or Yaurawa† people. Their language has different names like: Gunganchi, Tsureshe, Gunga or Tsureja and the name given to their land is either Reshe or Gungu. The present Gunganchi people are the tribe who fled to the nearby Island of Niger in the mid nineteenth century and eventually settled in a new site called Gungu or Yelwa. The Gunganchi people are said to be the original inhabitants of Yauri. During the British regime, the state of Yauri as an emirate and the state of Yelwa as the seat of the Emir of Yauri confirmed that both Yauri and Yelwa became Hausarized as a result of their contact with the Hausa people. Today, the Yauri people speak mostly Hausa language. The Gunganchi people lived in islets (very small islands) and shores of the Niger above Bussa until the creation of Kainji Lake in 1974 which disrupted their settlement and their living outside Kebbi State. 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF GUNGANCHI PEOPLE According to oral history, the Gunganchi people has different histories that has been narrated which associated with their origin that will be discussed below. In the nineteenth century, a descendant of a warrior called ‘kasira’ who is also known as ‘Kachin’ allied with the Hausa soldiers to conquer the territory in the extreme North who later settled with his co-fighters in the present Yauri town. A native speaker of Gunganchi who is known as â€Å"Agmalafiya† believe that the Gunganchi people came from Kabbawa. He said they were hunters from Katsina State and further explained that some people said the Gunganchi people are from the other Yauri’s ethnic groups which are Shangawa, Kambari, Kabbawa or Sarkawa, Dukawa etc. Another history told us of their trace to the Songhai warriors who came from Mali to seek territorial control and they eventually settled in Yauri and parts of Lopa and Laru (Gunganchi’s neighbouring areas). From the histories narrated above, it is obvious that the Gunganchi people has no specific history concerning their origin. They are divergent in their historical roots. 1. 2. 1Population The Gunganchi people were about forty to sixty thousand in 1993. About thrity-five percent lived outside Yauri Local Government in Kebbi State, sixty percent lived in Yauri town, nine percent in Kotangora, Bussa and Borgu Local Government and one percent in Kiama Local Government Area in Kwara State. Back to 1990, the population of the speakers in Yauri were referred to as Yaurawa or Reshewa in Hausa language. According to Agmalafiya who was mentioned earlier, the Gunganchi people were called Yaurawa by Queen Amina of Zaria but generally called Gungawa among the Gunganchi in Diaspora and sometimes call themselves Bareshe, which is the plural, or Ureshe, which is the singular. 1. 3SOCIOCULTURAL BACKGROUND OR PROFILE OF THE GUNGANCHI PEOPLE According to the Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary, culture is the way of life, the customs and beliefs, art and social organization of a particular country or group. The Gunganchi people have a social and cultural profile that is similar to that of their neighbouring ethnic group, Hausa. It is said that their lifestyle is centered on the Emirate’s system. The Gunganchi people have their sociocultural beliefs which are expressed in their culture, mode of dressing, occupation, religion, festivals, marriage system, naming ceremony, burial ceremony, their education system and political administration. 1. 3. 1Culture The Bareshe (Gunganchi) people are highly cultured which reflect in their mode of dressing, greetings, occupation and body adornment like decorating the woman’s legs with tattoos and heavy tribal marks on her face during the wedding ceremony. . 3. 2Mode of Dressing The Gunganchi people’s mode of dressing in the olden days is different from their dressing in these modern days. In the olden days, they used to dress in animal skin, while in these modern days, they dress in ‘Banbariga’ which is the traditional dress for men while the women dress in loose covered clothing with a local embroidery scarf which is tied around the woma n’s body to wade off the sun. They are mostly dressed in loose robe for relaxation. 1. 3. 3 Occupation The Gunganchi people are mostly farmers and fishermen. Their major crops are guinea corn, beans, rice, and onions while the fishing equipment which is a fish cage is called ‘Suru’ and ‘Hauwuya’ in Gunganchi language. The people are also known for their canoe and mat making. 1. 3. 4 Religion The Gunganchi people are mostly Muslims and few traditional worshippers and very little Christians. 1. 3. 5Festivals The festivals done in Gunganchi are called ‘Anipo’ festival and ‘Idembe’. Festival. The blood of animals like goat or bushmeat is used as sacrifices to their gods during the festival. During the festival, a round seat is created by the people when eating. Such sittings are also formed at events like wedding, naming ceremony, sallah festival and at relaxation joints. 1. 3. 6 Marriage System of the Gunganchi People The Gunganchi has a distinct way by which marriage is done. It shows a lazy man cannot marry any Gunganchi lady because marriage is said to be a bit difficult most especially for the men. Firstly, a man must inform his parents if he is in love with a lady. Then, the man’s parents must make their son’s interest known to the lady’s parents. He will then farm for the lady’s family he intends to marry from before giving their consent. The farming duration is not specified, the man is said to stop the farming when lady’s father is satisfied and the final consent will be given to the man’s family. The lady’s family will then inform his relatives formally about their daughter’s courtship with the man before the wedding date is chosen. According to Muauzu, the marriage or engagement ceremony is based on Islamic rites whereby the bride price (Zadaki) will be paid. The bride will be decorated with tattoos on her legs and heavy tribal marks on her face. Foods eaten at the ceremony are guinea corn pap, which is served in the morning and rice with fish soup and burukutu is served at dusk. Their sitting position is related to that of the festival’s as mentioned earlier they sit round a dish of guinea corn pap on a mat, their sitting culture is the same with the Hausas. Hence, the Gunganchi people inter marry with the Hausas. 1. 3. 7Naming Ceremony The Gunganchi do their naming ceremony seven days after the child’s birth and its hair will be shaved. Rice or guinea corn pap is served at the ceremony with people sitting round the food. Therefore, the child will be circumcised after ten years. 1. 3. 8Burial Ceremony Like most tribes, the Gunganchi celebrate the death of aged person and mourn the death of a young person. They investigate sudden or unusual death by consulting the oracle called â€Å"Gigo† (true god) or â€Å"Ujigo† (a god of thunder and rain). The oracle will make the spirit of the deceased to revenge for his or her death by killing the person who is responsible for his or her death. However, this practice is peculiar to the local or extreme Gunganchi people. 1. 3. 9Education System The Gunganchi value the Western education, they give education to both their male and female children. They have schools; they also make use of their personal houses as schools. 1. 3. 10 Political Administration The Gunganchi adopted the system of their neighboring tribe (Hausa) which is the Emirate’s system because it is a multi-ethnic area that consist Yelwa, Lopa, Yauri, Laru people which co-exist with them. The Emir’s palace is situated in Yelwa, thus, the Gunganchi are the first settlers in Yauri. The appointed Emir is the ruler of all the ethnic groups under Yauri. During the British regime, recognition was given to the Yauri emirate and Gungu (Island) district of the Yauri Local Government which are now the center of Reshe (Gunganchi) population. In the political administration of the Gunganchi people, succession is not by hereditary because the Emir must be appointed, despite the fact that a Gunganchi man was the first Emir of Yauri. The Emir must have some qualities before he can be appointed, like; he must be an elderly person, famous and respected among the ethnic groups made up of Yauri. When a new Emir is appointed, turbaning will be done as a sign of leadership. The Emir rules the territory with his local chiefs called â€Å"Sariki† in areas like Gungunsariki, Banha, Rekubolo, Toro, Zamari, Jalubabu etc. Presently, the Local Government Chairman is responsible for the executive function of Yauri and other governmental activities are executed by the Kebbi State Government. However, most of the Gunganchi people are bilingual, (they speak both Gunganchi and Hausa) but the majority speaks Gunganchi at home especially the youths. Thus, the language of the emirate is Hausa with high prestige. . 4GENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF GUNGANCHI Genetic classification is the sub-grouping of all relevant languages into genetic nodes (group of languages in each of which one language is more closely related to the other in that group than to any language outside the group). The basis for genetic classification is the idea that group of languages that share certain systemic resemblan ces have inherited those similarities from a common origin. Thus, genetic classification makes two statements. First, it affirms that certain languages are infact related to each other (i. e. hare a common ancestor). Second, it specifies how the languages are interrelated in the form of a branching diagram. Gunganchi language falls under the Niger-Kordofanian language family. African Language Afro-AsiaticNiger KordofanianNilo SaharanKhoisan MandeNew Benue Congo AtlanticVolta Congo Kordofanian OkoDefoidKainjiIdomoidEdoidWolof Western KainjiEastern Kainji KamukuKainji LakeGunganchi (Gungawa)KambariBassaLopa 1. 5SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF STUDY This work is limited to the aspects of the phonology of Gunganchi language and it is divided into five chapters. Chapter one deals with the introductory part, which includes the general background, historical background, sociocultural profile of Gunganchi people, genetic classification of Gunganchi language, scope and organization of study, data collection, data analysis and the review of the chosen theoretical framework. Chapter two deals with the basic phonological concepts that involves the sound inventory of Gunganchi language whereby the tonal inventory and syllable inventory of the language of study shall be discussed and the sound distributions which includes distinctive features. Chapter three is based on the phonological processes found in Gunganchi language. Then, chapter four will focus on the tonal and syllable processes of Gunganchi language. Chapter five will summarize and conclude the work. 1. 6DATA COLLECTION In this research work, the method used for our data collection is the direct translation method from English language to the project language which is Gunganchi based on the Ibadan 400 wordlist. There was a direct interview with the language helper, thus, data elicitation was carried out with the wordlist recorded on audio cassette. Informant’s Data: Name:Corporal Labbo Alkali Occupation:Soldier Age: 40 years Religion:Muslim Languages spoken apart from Gunganchi: Hausa and English Number of years spent in Reshe (Gunganchi): 20 years 1. 7DATA ANALYSIS To ensure an accurate data analysis in this research work, all the data collected were carefully and correctly written, tone marked and transcribed. The data collected were used according to how the native speaker used them without imposing any extra rules or norms. 1. REVIEW OF THE CHOSEN THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The framework adopted for this research work is Generative Phonology, which was developed by Chomsky and Halle in the early 1950s; it is a component of generative grammar. This framework assigns the correct phonetic representations to ‘utterances’ in such a way as to reflect a native speaker’s internalized grammar. According to Oyebade (2008: 9), Generative Phonology is a theory which is built on the insight of taxonomic phonemics e ven while remodeling the focus of phonological analysis. The major motivation for this theoretical framework was the clash between theoretical assumptions and linguistic data under the theory of classical (taxonomic) phonemics. Generative phonology took off at maximum speed in the 1960s, following the works of Chomsky and Halle (published in 1968 as â€Å"Sound Pattern of English (SPE)†. This theory argues that the taxonomic approach of classical phonemics was not adequate enough to address appropriately the phenomenon of human speech. The proponents of this new school of phonology suggest that an adequate theory of phonology must account for: a) The phenomenon of language acquisition b) The puzzling fact that man can still understand the speech of another even when this speech is defective; and c) The native speaker’s intuition about the physical make-up of the speech of his language. 1. 8. 1The Structure of Generative Phonology Generative phonology assumes three very crucial components: the underlying representation, the phonetic representation and the rules which link the two together that is called the phonological rules. These components will be reviewed below. 1. 8. 1. 1Underlying Representation Oyebade (2008: 12) assumes underlying representation to be an abstract representation existing in the linguistic competence of the native speaker. The underlying representation is the most basic form of a word before any phonological rules have been applied to it. Underlying representation shows what a native speaker knows about the abstract underlying phonology of the language. At this level, items with invariant meaning have identical representation. The underlying representation is also known as â€Å"the phonological representation†, thus, the ability (competence) of a native speaker to compute a sentence is referred to as the phonological representation and this competence can be scientifically investigated. There is an assumption of an underlying level where there is a one-to-one correspondence between form and meaning and which is exactly the same from one competent speaker to another which explains the puzzling reaction of children in the acquisition process. Since the child shares the same competence (and therefore the same underlying representation) as the adult, it is reasonable to assume that the child will expect the same output as the adult will expect. The child may not be able to produce such an output since his production capability is slower in the acquisition process than his competence. The assumption of an underlying representation which accounts for the rapid processing of defective input. Both interlocutors have a shared competence which is accurate and invariant; the decoder part participant thus has a prototype with which he can restructure the defective utterance of the encoder. Also, the underlying representation has the property of being encoded in â€Å"distinctive features† (these features will be discussed in the next chapter). This assumption is motivated by the fact that language seems to target these features in making its choices rather than segments. 1. 8. 1. 2 The Phonetic Representation The phonetic representation is the form of a word that is spoken and heard. It is also known as â€Å"the surface level†. Phonological structure reflects the linguistic competence of the native speaker to compute a phonetic representation for the potentially infinite number of sentences generated by the syntactic component of the grammar. We can say that there is no speaker of a language that has heard all the sentences in his language but speaker has the ability to understand any sentence heard. Phonetic representation indicates how the lexical item is to be realized in speech. It is characterized by degree of narrowness such that, at the very least, any two sounds that are distinguished in any human language are differently represented. Generative phonology seems to consider this level as being trivial and not worth too much attention except, perhaps as a source for the verification and justification of the proposed underlying representation. 1. 8. 13 Phonological Rules Phonological rules map underlying representation onto phonological representations. They delete, insert, or change segments, or change the features of segments. They are said to show the derivational sequence or path of an item in its journey from the underlying level to the phonetic level. They must be able to capture the phonological phenomenon in the simplest form. There are two types of rules in phonological rules: feature changing rules and fill-in rules. The feature changing rules change the features of the input to that of the output. However, the other kind of rules called fill-in rules are rules, as the name implies, which fill in empty slots. Phonological rules have to be precise in a scientific account of linguistic phenomena. It was therefore suggested that the rules should have their own format. For instance, a rule can say insert a high front vowel between a cluster of consonants and we can have another rule which says insert a high front vowel after a word-final consonant. These rules can be formalized thus: a. O(i/C____C b. O(i/C____# As you can observe from the formalization of the two rules, they are identical in input and output. Furthermore, they have a lot of similarities in the environment. If the rules are left like this, that is, as two separate rules, the implied claim will be that these are two separate and distinct processes. This is intuitively incorrect and it loses a linguistically significant generalization. These two rules can then be collapsed into one and to capture the linguistically significant fact that we are dealing with the same process. Thus (a) and (b) can be combined as in (c) below: C c. O(i/C—— # that is, a high front vowel is inserted either between two consonants or after a consonant at word final position. In phonological rules, notational devices are applied. They are conventions which make it possible to combine distinct but related phonological rules in a single statement; rules may be collapsed in this way only if they involve the same process. In other words, notational devices are abbreviation conventions aimed at reducing several rules into one. The purpose is to present more economically the facts of language. There are notational devices like: brace notation ({}), angled bracket notation (), variable features or alpha notation ((), multiple variable notation ((,(, ? , etc. ). The role of these devices is to make it possible for the phonologists to precisely and unambiguously state in rule form and the process that is taking place in language when a pattern is observed. Secondly, it makes linguistiscally significant generalizations and claims about the way language works. Finally, and perhaps most trivially, it provides a shorthand abbreviatory method by which a complex process can be captured as briefly as possible. CHAPTER TWO BASIC PHONOLOGICAL CONCEPTS 2. 0INTRODUCTION This chapter is based on the phonology of Gunganchi language. The sound inventory which involves the tonal inventory and the syllable inventory will be discussed. It also focuses on the sound distribution of Gunganchi language where the distinctive features will be discussed. 2. 1PHONOLOGY According to Davenport and Hannahs (2005: 2), phonology deals with how speech sounds are organized into system for each individual language: for example: how the sounds can be combined, the relations between them and how they affect each other. In phonology, the root ‘phone’ relates to ‘voice’, sound and ‘logos’ which means ‘word; speech’ originates from the Greek words. Phonology as a subfield of linguistics is the study of the rules behind the way sounds encode meaning in language. Also, it is the study of sounds and patterns in a language. It can be said that phonology seeks to discern the sounds made in all human languages. In addition, phonology studies how sounds alternate that is the minimal meaningful sounds which are ‘PHONEMES’. However, phonemes are sets of phones, which function as one unit in a language, and provide contrast between different words. It is also a sound segment of words or syllables. In human language, a phoneme is the smallest structural unit that distinguishes meaning. The phonemic inventory of a language is the set of phonemes it possesses. In the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabets), phonemes are conventionally enclosed in forward sashes (//) and speech sounds that are not phonemes are placed in brackets ([ ]). For example, the /t/ sound in the English words ‘tip’, ‘stand’, ‘cat’ and ‘water’ are conceived of as being the same sound, despite the fact that in each word they are pronounced somewhat differently; the difference may not even be audible to native speakers. One of the most important tools for examining phonemes is the ‘minimal pair’ which means different words but differ as a result of one sound, that is, a pair of words which differ only in one segment. In a minimal pair, one can be sure that the difference between words is phonemic in nature, because the segments in question are surrounded by the same environment and this cannot be allophones of each other. Examples of minimal pair in Gunganchi are: [ut(i]‘tree’ [at(i] ‘firewood’ [hina]‘cow’ [wina]‘tail’ [ureta]‘right(side)’ upeta]‘medicine’ [kwubanoh]‘open’ [kwubaloh]‘close’ [itamia]‘push’ [igamia]‘sweep’ A phoneme may encompass several recognizable different speech sounds called ‘PHONES’. In phonetics, the smallest perceptible segment is a phone. In the examples stated earlier, the /t/ in ‘tip’ is aspirated [th], whi le the /t/ in stand is unaspirated [t]. Thus, phones that belong to the same phonemes are called allophones such as [th] and [t] are allophones of the phoneme /t/ given in the examples given earlier. Allophones are often conditioned by their environment. For example, the English phoneme /t/ is realized as a tap [r] between vowels in normal speech when not preceeding a stressed vowel as in ‘butter’. In a case like this we can say that the stop [t] and tap [r] which are allophones of the phoneme /t/ are in ‘complementary distribution’, as every environment selects for either one or the other, and the allophones themselves may be referred to as ‘COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION’. 2. 2SOUND INVENTORY OF GUNGANCHI Human sounds can be grouped into two basic classes whereby they are found in Gunganchi. They are: 1. Consonants 2. Vowels 2. . 1Consonants Consonants are sounds produced with an obstruction of the air passage somewhere along the vocal tract. A consonant in terms of sound production is a sound which is obstructed in some way by the tongue or lip contact e. g. in Gunganchi, sounds like /k/, /p/ as in; /k/([ka? ina]‘reply’ /p/([puteta]‘forget’ as opposed to the unobstructed sound of a vowel. Consonant sounds require a certain degree of constriction of the vocal tract in their production, therefore, at some point, diverting, impeding or completely shutting off the airflow of air in the oral cavity. This constriction of the vocal tract may involve complete closure or partial closure. In terms of the sound system, the consonant is a sound that typically occurs at the beginning or end of the syllable rather than in the middle of it, thus contrasting with vowels. Thus, the organs of speech that obstruct at some point in the oral cavity are known as the ‘articulators’. From the glottis, past the velum, the hard palate and alveolar ridge and the tongue, to the teeth and lips. The consonant sounds are classified by; a) Voicing b) Place of articulation c) Manner of articulation 2. 2. 1. 1 Voicing Consonants may be voiced or voiceless. As the airstream comes to or from the lungs, it passes through the opening between the glottis. If the vocal cords are open, the air passes through without obstruction and the sounds that are made in this way, are described as ‘voiceless’. If the vocal cords closed, then the air passing through the glottis causes them to vibrate producing ‘voiced’ sounds. Some of the consonant sounds in Gunganchi come in pairs that differ in being voiced or voiceless e. g. /b/ and /p/ ( /b/ is voiced and /p/ is the voiceless consonant in one pair. /k/ and /g/ are found in another pair, /k/ is voiceless and the voiced sound is /g/. Also, it applied to /d/ and /t/, /d/ is voiced while /t/ is the voiceless consonant which forms another pair. 2. 2. 1. 2 Place of Articulation It is the point of articulation where both the active and passive articulators meet or contact to produce the desired consonant. Here, we have to do with the position of the tongue and lips. The places of articulation in Gunganchi are; bilabial, alveolar palato-alveolar, velar, labial-velar, palatal, glottal, palatalized velars and alveolar, labialized-alveolar and velars. 2. 2. 1. 3 Manner of Articulation Manner of articulation makes reference to the type of stricture which the articulators are making to produce the consonant sounds. The obstructions made may be total, intermittent, partial or narrow enough to cause friction. The manners of articulation in Gunganchi are stop, nasal, fricative, affricate, trill, lateral and approximant. However, it is observed that there is the presence of consonant clusters in Gunganchi language that is consonants occurring together side by side e. g. [riadda]‘matchet’ [ubalkari]‘male’ [kwa] ‘take(one thing)’ Thus, the consonants attested in Gunganchi are: /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /tw/ /dw/ /dj/ /k/ /g/ /kw/ /gw/ kj/ /gj/ /gb/ /r/ /m/ /n/ /s/ /z/ /(/ /h/ /hj/ /ts/ /t(/ /? // /l/ /j/ /w/ /r/. 2. 2. 2. 1 Gunganchi Consonant Chart |Bilabial |Alveolar |Labialized |Palatalize |Palate-alveolar |Palatal |Velar | | | | |alveolar |alveolar | | | | |High |+ |- |- |- |- |- |+ | |Low |- |- |- |+ |- |- |- | |Round |- |- |- |- |+ |+ |+ | |ATR |+ |+ |- |- |- |+ |+ | 2. 9. 4Segment Redundancy for Gunganchi Consonants Redundancy is the principle that helps in predicting some features from the presence of other features; thus, the feature that predicts the feature of the other is said to be redundant. Gunganchi language attest to a number of features that are completely predictable at all stages of derivation. All the redundant features are expressed as fill-in rule or [if –then]. However, the output of the phonological components must specify all feature in such a way that it indicates necessary features used in derivation. i)If:[+ syll] Then:+ son – cons ii)If:[+ cons] Then:+ voice – strid iii)If:[+ ant] Then:[+ cons] iv)If:[+ nas] Then:- cont – strid + voice + son 2. 9. 5Segment Redundancy for Gunganchi Vowels | |i |e |( |a |? o |u | |High |+ |- |(-) |(-) |(-) |- |+ | |Low |(-) |- |- |+ |(-) |(-) |(-) | |Round |- |- |- |(-) |+ |+ |+ | |ATR |(+) |+ |- |(-) |- |+ |(+) | All of the predictable redundancies can be expressed as fill-in rules which are also called if â€⠀œthen segment structure constraints as done for consonants above. i)If:[+ high] Then:[- low] ii)If:[+ low] Then:[- high] iii)If:[+ high] Then:[+ ATR] iv) If:[+ round] Then:[- low] v)If:[+ low] Then:[- round] vi)If:[+ low] Then:[- ATR] vii)If:[+ ATR] Then:[- low] viii)If:[- ATR] Then:[- high] However, redundancies come from any of two sources: the first is the attempt to express the physiological possibilities (or impossibilities) of the vocal organs. For example, the constraints if [+ high] then [- low] makes the claim that the tongue cannot be raised and lowered at the same time. In other words, if the tongue is raised then it is not lowered and if it is lowered then it is not raised. Since the physiological possibilities of the human vocal tract is universal to all human beings, this type of redundancy is a universal one. The second source comes from the fact that languages do not always maximally utilize all combinatorial possibilities logically expected when features come together. CHAPTER THREE PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN GUNGANCHI 3. INTRODUCTION This chapter will be discussing the phonological processes found in Gunganchi language. 3. 1PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES Phonological processes are sound modifications motivated by the need to maintain euphony in a language or to rectify violations of well-formedness constraints in the production of an utterance. (Oyebade 2008: 61). Segments are either within the same morpheme or at morpheme boundary under various conditions may undergo certain changes. Therefore, these changes are known as ‘phonological processes’. Environment within which sounds occur may affect changes. The phonological processes in Gunganchi are: 3. 1. 1Assimilation According to Oyebade (2008: 63), assimilation is when two contiguous sounds which have different modes of production become identical in some or all of the features of their production. Assimilation is the modification of sounds in the direction of greater similarity to the surrounding phonological environment (Langacker 1972: 270). Assimilation may be either partial or total. Tonal assimilation is the converting of the changing segment to become identical to other segment and assimilation may be partial such that only some features of the changing consonant (or vowel) becomes identical with that of the initiating segment. Examples of assimilation in Gunganchi: ugika[ugjka]‘bag’ In the above example, the voiced velar stop bears the feature ‘high’ of the vowel [i]. It is observed that when the voiced velar stop occur before a high unrounded front vowel, it becomes palatalized which shows assimilation has taken place. – cont+ syll – ant([high]__________- back – cor- round + voice+ high unun[unu]‘mouth’ anuhin[anuhi]‘teeth’ In the examples above, vowels take on the feature of the alveolar nasal. Thus, vowel becomes nasalized before alveolar nasal. + syll- cont -cons([+ nas]__________+ ant + cor + nas 3. 1. 2Vowel Elision Vowel elision is another common phonological process. According to Oyebade (2008: 69), vowels are usually deleted when two or more vowels occur across morpheme boundary. When such an occurrence is introduced by morphological processes, the language may choose to drop the first or the second of the contiguous vowels. Examples in Gunganchi are: [itsuria][akatua]([itsuriakatua] ‘buy’ ‘shoe’‘buy (a) shoe’ [ikabia][uwapo] ( [ikabiuwapo] ‘money’ ‘house’‘house rent’ However, it is observed that low back unrounded vowels are deleted at morpheme boundary if the next morpheme begins with a vowel. + syll+ syll + low(O___________- cons + back – round 3. 1. 3Labialisation Labialisation is the super-imposition of liprounding on a segment in such a way that the feature of a vowel now attaches to the consonant articulated (Oyebade 2008: 66). Examples of labializationin Gunganchi language are: [utw? ha]‘ear’ [rotwua]‘neck’ [abakjrdwola]‘animal’ [ndwuwa]‘person’ The alveolar stops [t] and [d] that are not naturally, they labialized take on the feature of the rounded vowels. We can therefore, say that alveolar stops become labialized before back rounded vowels. – cont+ syll + ant([lab]_____________+ back + cor+ rounded Other examples of labialization are: [igbagwua] ‘pepper’ [ugwohua]‘kolanut’ [ribulukwu]‘cooking’ [alokwotwo]‘snail’ It is also observed that velar stops [k] and [g] become labialized before back rounded vowels. – cont+ syll – ant([+lab]_____________+ back – cor+ round 3. 1. 4Palatalisation According to Oyebade (2009: 65), palatalisation is the super-imposition of tongue raising on a segment. Here are examples in Gunganchi language: [ugjika:]‘bag’ [akjikwa]‘millet’ [inagji]‘pull’ [gjirana]‘descend’ In the above examples, velar stops are palatalized before high vowel. – cont+ syll – ant([+ high]_____________+ high – cor 3. 1. 5Insertion Oyebade (2008: 74) states that: â€Å"Insertion is a phonological process whereby an extraneous element not present originally is introduced into the utterance usually to break up unwanted sequence†. Examples in Gunganchi are shown below. [upowabetatsunia]([upowabetatsunia] ten +one‘eleven’ [upowabetat(zuwa]([upowabetat(zuwa] ten +six‘sixteen’ alosobetatsunia]([alosobetatsunia] twenty +one‘twenty one’ [alosobetajisoh]([alosobetajisoh] twenty +two‘twenty two’ 1. 3. 6Nasalisation Nasalisation is a process where by an oral segment acquires nasality from a neighbouring segment (Katamba 1989: 93). Nasalisation is significant in Gunganchi, for instance; [matsunih? ]‘surpass’ [iji]‘see’ [tsunia] ‘one’ [udaga] ‘stick’ Therefore, vowels become nasalised before alveolar nasal, that is; + syll- cont – cons([+ nas]_____________+ ant + cor + nas CHAPTER FOUR TONAL PROCESSES AND SYLLABLE PROCESSES 4. 0INTRODUCTION This Chapter will be discussing the tone system and the processes found in Gunganchi language. It will also focus on the syllable processes in Gunganchi language. 4. 1TONE SYSTEM IN GUNGANCHI Davenport and Hannahs (2005: 84-85) states that â€Å"In many languages, pitch variation is used to distinguish one word from another. Languages which use pitch in this way are known as ‘tone languages’, and the individual pitch patterns associated with words or syllables are known as ‘tones’†. According to Carlos and Haike (2005: 12), tone languages used pitch contrasts to keep words apart in the same way that languages use vowel and consonant for this purpose. Tone is the differentiation of two words with the same segmental presentation with the use of its pitch. And a language is said to be a tone language when the differences in word meaning are signaled by the differences in pitch. Tone is essentially a property of individual syllables or words and also it is typically used as a way of distinguishing between items at word level (such as minimal pairs, words which are identical except for one component). 4. 1. 1Tone Typologies There are two categories of tone; a. Level tones b. Contour tones 4. 1. 1. 1 Level Tones The tones whereby the pitch is maintained at the same rate for the duration of the syllable are known as ‘level tones’ (Davenport and Hannahs 2005: 85). Level tones are high, mid and low tones. These tones may occur on all syllables. The high tone is indicated by an acute accent (/), the low tone is marked with a grade accent () and the mid tone is represented as (-) or unmarked. Thus, the mid tone is not marked in Gunganchi. 4. 1. 1. 2 Contour Tones According to Davenport and Hannahs (2005: 85), contour tones are tones exhibiting pitch variation during their production. Contour tones consists of the falling tone (^) which is a tone that starts high and end low, and the rising tone (V) which starts low and end high. Contour tones only appear on monosyllables and on the final syllables of disyllabic words. 4. 1. 2Tonal Pattern in Gunganchi Gunganchi is a tone language and it is a level tone language which attests to the high, low and mid tones. Each syllable of Gunganchi language bears a tone. Examples of words that bears the high tone in Gunganchi are: [kwa]‘take(one thing)’ [? w? ]‘sun’ [riba]‘thing’ Occurrence of low tones in Gunganchi language can be shown in the following examples: [dja]‘here’ [riadda]‘matchet’ Occurrences of mid tones in Gunganchi are: [alahagw? mi]‘jaw’ [wuru]‘moon’ [ajaba]‘plantain’ However, there are two or more words in Gunganchi language which have exactly the same consonants and vowels but have different meaning because of a difference in contrastive pitch. These are referred to as tonemes that contrast minimally. For instance; [rotwua]‘neck’HHH [rotwua]‘belly(externall)HHM [kwubaloh]‘cover(in hand)’HLH [kwubaloh]‘close’HML Co-occurrence of tones in Gunganchi In Gunganchi, the low, high and mid tones co-occur. There is the co-occurrence of the low and mid tones, examples are; [ol? ha]‘nose’ [t(ib? ]‘town’ [hia(i]‘dust’ Examples of the co-occurrence of high, mid and low tones in Gunganchi are: [hirokwa]‘horse’ [ibulukw? ]‘he goat’ [alakana(a]‘four hundred’ 4. 2. 1 Functions of Tone in Gunganchi Tone performs two distinct functions, they are: a) Lexical function b) Grammatical function 4. 2. 1. 1 Lexical Function Tone can be used to differentiate lexical items that have identical segments. For example in Gunganchi; [kwubaloh]‘cover (in hand)’HLH [kwubaloh]‘close’HML [rotwua]‘belly(external)HHM [rotwua]‘neck’HHH Note that the different tonemes have resulted in the differences in the meaning of the words above. 4. 2. 1. 2 Grammatical Function Tone is also used to differentiate between different grammatical forms. But, this function is not found in Gunganchi language. 4. 3TONAL PROCESSES As with segments, tones are also modified by their environment. Thus, this gives rise to tonal processes. 4. 3. 1 Tone Elision This occurs when two tones are juxtaposed across morpheme boundary and the final vowel of the first word gets elided causing the tone on it to be elided too. Examples in Gunganchi are: [ikabia][uwapo]([ikabiuwapo]‘house rent’ ‘money’‘house’ [itsuria][akatua](itsuriakatua] ‘buy’‘shoe’‘buy(a) shoe’ 4. 3. 2 Tone Stability In relation to tone, the issue is that â€Å"†¦in tone languages, we find that when a vowel desyllabifies or is deleted by some phonological rules, the tone it was bearing does not disappear, rather, it shifts its location and shows up on some other vowel†. (Goldsmith1976:30). Example of tone stability in Gunganchi: [ubula] [alokat(i] ( [ubulalokat(i] ‘rainy season’ ‘rain’‘time’ 4. 3. 3 Tone Spreading This is a tonal process whereby there are more segments than tone, the tone will then spread to the segment as it is a must that the segments bear tone. This process is not found in Gunganchi language. 4. 3. 4 Floating Tone Oyebade (2008: 15) says that during derivation, segment is specified for tone but merges with vowel, thus, passing its tonal specification to that vowel. Gunganchi does not have floating tone. 4. 3. 4 Tone Contraction This is when tone segmentalization creates two identical tones on the same syllable, the two identical tones are contracted to give only one. Gunganchi language does not attest to this tonal process. However, it is observed that there is the case of nasal consonant that bears tone. Such nasal is referred to as a syllabic nasal because it is interpreted as a vowel that carries a tone. Examples of this in Gunganchi are: [nduwa]‘person’ [nduwakabi]‘old person’ In the words above, the nasal [n] bears the high tone which makes it to function the way other vowels functions. 4. 4SYLLABLE STRUCTURE The syllable is a supra-segmental unit. It can be easily recognized in a language. Davenport and Hannahs (2005: 73) states that: â€Å"One such articulatorily based attempt at the definition involves the notion of a ‘chest pulse; or ‘initiator burst’, that is, a muscular contraction in the chest (involving the lungs) which corresponds to the production of a syllable; each syllable, on this view, involves one burst of muscular energy†. Williamson (1984) defines the syllable as ‘the smallest unit of language which can be pronounced. It is a unit of sound made up of one or more segments during which there is a single chest pulse and a single peak of sonority. Hyman (1975: 188) states that ‘a syllable is made up of an onset, and a core. And the core is further divided into a peak and coda’. However, a syllable is divided into three parts: 1) The onset 2) The core or nucleus 3) The coda The syllable can be represented thus: Syllable OnsetCore Peak (Nucleus)Coda C V(C) This can be illustrated in the example in Gunganchi below: [joh] ‘stand (up)’ ( OnsetCore ConsonantPeakCoda (Nucleus) JVowel(Consonant) ( h The syllable coda and onset are made up of consonant segments while the peak is made up of vowel segment and syllabic consonants. The peak is an obligatory part of the syllable, thus, there must be a peak. The onset (beginning) and coda (end) which usually consist of consonant(s) are optional parts of the syllable. Each syllable carries at least one significant unit of tone in tonal languages. 4. 4. 1 Types of Syllable A syllable can be either an open syllable or closed syllable. It is language specific; some languages may exhibit either of the two syllable types while some languages make use of the two (open and closed syllables) like Gunganchi language. 4. 4. 1. 1Open Syllable This is a syllable in which words end in a vowel, it is a syllable without the coda. Examples in Gunganchi are: [ububa]‘leaf’ [akahoj‘village’ [babi]‘children’ [hilelio]‘elephant’ 4. 4. 1. 2 Closed Syllable Closed syllable is a syllable typology that has at least one consonant following the vowel or closing the nucleus. Examples are: [lakapitwoh]‘old(opp. new)’ [[kakaw]‘pour’ [rimonoh]‘work’ Gunganchi attests to both the open and closed syllable. 4. 5SYLLABLE STRUCTURE RULE IN GUNGANCHI This is the rule that states the possible sequence of sounds or segment in a syllable. Words differ with regard to the number of syllables contained in them. Some words have just one syllable, others may have two or more, hence, words are classified as being monosyllabic, disyllabic, trisyllabic and polysyllabic depending on how many syllable(s) such words have. The syllable structures in Gunganchi are: CV VCV N- Syllable Structure Cw- Syllable Structure Cj- Syllable Structure 4. 5. 1 CV-Syllable Structure The CV-syllable structure is the most common type of syllable structure in Gunganchi. It is mostly found in monosyllabic and disyllabic or trisyllabic and polysyllabic. 4. 5. 1. 1 CV-Structure in Monosyllabic Monosyllabic is a word having a single syllable. For instance, in Gunganchi: [dja]‘here’ 4. 5. 1. 2 CV-Structure in Disyllabic Disyllabic is a word consisting of two syllables. For example: [nana]‘come’ [riba]‘thing’ [riwo]‘corpse’ [hino]‘bee’ 4. 5. 1. 3 CV-Structure in Trisyllabic A word consisting of three syllables is called ‘trisyllabic’. Examples of such words in Gunganchi language are: [rihama]‘food’ [rirogwo]‘cassava’ [rigwula]‘knife’ [hi(aho]‘hawk’ 4. 5. 1. 4 CV-Structure in Polysyllabic Polysyllabic is a word consisting of more than three syllables. Examples in Gunganchi language are: [ribulukwu]‘cooking’ [hamatsaro]‘maize’ [[rit(at(? pua]‘chin’ [ri(iteitwo]‘hat/cap’ 4. 5. 2 VCV-Syllable Structure Examples of VCV-syllable structure in Gunganchi language are illustrated below: [uwi]‘die’ [ut(a]‘guest(stranger)’ [ubi]‘child’ [ut? ]‘father’ 4. 5. 3 N-Syllable Structure This type of syllable is a ‘syllabic-nasal’. It will be interpreted as a vowel because like a vowel, the syllabic nasal carries at tone. In Gunganchi, examples are: [nduwa]‘person’ [nduwakabi]‘old person’ [ndukami]‘man’ 4. 5. 4 Cw-Syllable Structure The [CwV] structure in Gunganchi includes the following: [hitsokwutso]‘guinea fowl’ [ukwulu]‘room’ [mutwo]‘ashes’ 4. 5. 5 Cj-Syllable Structure Examples in Gunganchi language are: [inagji]‘pull’ [(ikjitwo]‘learn’ [gjirana]‘descend’ CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, FINDINGS/OBSERVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 5. 0SUMMARY This research work has examined the phonological aspects of Gunganchi language. Words are said to be well-patterned and the principles of well-formedness are followed. The method used for the data collection in this research work is the direct translation method from English language to Gunganchi language based on the Ibadan 400 word-list. There was a direct interview with the informant, thus, data elicitation was carried out. The essence of using the illuminating data is to be able to make linguistically significant generalizations. This project work is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is the introductory part which dealt with the general background of Gunganchi people, their sociocultural profile, genetic classification of the language, the scope and organization of study, review of the chosen theoretical framework, data collection and data analysis. Chapter two of this work examined the basic phonological concepts. The sound inventory which involves the tonal inventory and syllable inventory of Gunganchi language was discussed, also, their sound distributions whereby the distinctive features was examined. The third chapter then discussed phonology itself, thus, examined the phonological processes in Gunganchi language. Meanwhile, the phonological processes found in Gunganchi language are: assimilation, nasalisation, labialisation, palatalisation, insertion and vowel elision. However, the phonological rules were also accounted for. Chapter four of this work discussed the tonal and syllable processes. These processes were well examined with illuminating examples from Gunganchi language. Finally, chapter five summarized the work. It also made observations, recommendations and conclusion. 5. 1FINDING/OBSERVATIONS Majority of Gunganchi speakers also speak Hausa language and it is observed that some words in Gunganchi are borrowed from Hausa language. Gunganchi language attests to both open syllable structure and closed syllable structure. Also, when some words in Gunganchi occur across morpheme boundary, the last vowel of the first word gets deleted. There is the case of consonant cluster in Gunganchi language which is another observation. It was also observed that Gunganchi attest to the level tones (high, mid, low) and these tones co-occur in words. Finally, there are some words in Gunganchi that differs as a result of tone which is tonemic contrast. 5. 2RECOMMENDATIONS Through this research, useful insight has been drawn from the phonological aspects of Gunganchi language. As a matter of fact, the language has not been exposed to thorough linguistic scrutiny. There is need for linguists to focus their attention more on the language. This project has studied the aspects of the phonology of Gunganchi language. I hereby recommend that linguists should shed more light on this aspect and other aspects of Gunganchi language. Researchers who would like to research further on Gunganchi will find this research work a reliable reference. 5. 3CONCLUSION Some aspects of the phonology of Gunganchi language have been surveyed. For want of space and time, it has not been possible to treat all aspects of the language. However, I hope this study will inspire further research in the language. REFERENCES Carlos, G. and Haike, J. (2005). â€Å"Understanding Phonology† (2nd Edition). Great Britain: Hodder Arnold. Goldsmith, J. (1976). Autosegmental Phonology. MIT DIssertion IVLC, New York: Grandland Press. Hyman, L. M. (1975). â€Å"Phonology: Theory and Analysis. 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