Euthanasia: The merciful alternative Essay

â€Å"There is a time to be born and a time to die†¦ a time to kill and a time to heal†¦ a time to search and a time to give up.†(Ecclesiastes 3:2a, 3a, 6a) Euthanasia enthusiasts would agree with this quote. Euthanasia is a word that can be defined as the intentional termination of life by another at the explicit request of the person who dies. (Webster’s dictionary) The purpose of this essay is to fortify the positive role of euthanasia by explaining why it is that terminally ill patients consider euthanasia an option and what the ethical views concerning this issue are. The main reason for which people consider ending their life through euthanasia is because they are terminally ill. Terminally ill patients are those who have been diagnosed with a progressive degenerative disease for which there is not a known cure. These diseases include those such as Multiple Sclerosis, AIDS, Huntington’s Disease, or Alzheimer’s Disease. There are three things that motivate terminally ill patients to end their life. The first reason being that they do not want to diminish their assets by incurring large medical expenses as their death approaches, and as an act of generosity they would rather die sooner, leaving their beneficiaries their assets. The second reason that one may consider euthanasia is that when they realize death is near, they wish to have total control over the process. In addition when a person relies on continuous care from another person, they feel that they have lost their independence, which can be considered as a loss of personal d ignity. (www.religioustolerance.org) Binner 2 There are two interesting ethical issues pertaining to euthanasia. The first issue examined is the Physician’s Oath, which states, â€Å"Follow that system of regimen which, according to [his] ability and judgment, [he] consider[s] for the benefit of [his] patients.†(Hippocrates) Which translated to the idea that if a patient feels the need to end their life due to a degenerative disease, then the physician, with the consent of the patient, may do so without the intervention of the law telling him or her what they are allowed  to do. According to this oath, if euthanasia is a rational method for their patient to consider, the law should not intervene. The second ethical issue to be looked at is religion. Many religious groups believe that God gave life and therefore God is the only one who can take life away. When applied to this belief, euthanasia is a sin. Many faith groups such as Christian, Muslim or Jewish, believe that these degenerative diseases and incurable pains are a divinely appointed opportunity for learning and purification. To challenge these beliefs with euthanasia would be to go against their faith in God. Euthanasia will be debated for many years to come. With the information set forth hopefully the beneficial aspects of euthanasia have been made clear. It is important to remember that treatments of physical symptoms are only part of the problem. Mental, social, and spiritual pains all add to the load that a terminally ill patient carries.

Effect of Violence in the Media

Decades of psychological research confirms that media violence can increase aggression. Virtually since the dawn of television, parents, teachers, legislators, and mental health professionals have been concerned about the content of television programs and its impact, particularly on children. Of special concern has been the portrayal of violence, especially given psychologist Albert Bandura's work on social learning and the tendency of children to imitate what they see. As a result of 15 years of consistently disturbing findings about the violent content of children's programs, the Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior was formed in 1969 to assess the impact of violence on the attitudes, values and behavior of viewers. The resulting Surgeon General's report and a follow-up report in 1982 by the National Institute of Mental Health identify these major effects of seeing violence on television: * Children may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others * Children may be more fearful of the world around them Children may be more likely to behave in aggressive or harmful ways toward others Research by psychologists L. Rowell Huesmann, Leonard Eron and others found that children who watched many hours of violence on television when they were in elementary school tended to also show a higher level of aggressive behavior when they became teenagers. By observing these young people into adulthood, Dr. Huesmann and Dr. Eron found that the ones who hadd watched a lot of TV violence when they were eight years old were more likely to be arrested and prosecuted for criminal acts as adults. Interestingly, being aggressive as a child did not predict watching more violent TV as a teenager, suggesting that TV watching may more often be a cause rather than a consequence of aggressive behavior. Violent video games are a more recent phenomenon; therefore there is less research on their effects. However, research by psychologist Craig A. Anderson and others shows that playing violent video games can increase a person's aggressive thoughts, feelings and behavior both in laboratory settings and in actual life. In fact, a study by Dr. Anderson in 2000 suggests that violent video games may be more harmful than violent elevision and movies because they are interactive, very engrossing and require the player to identify with the aggressor. Dr. Anderson and other researchers are also looking into how violent music lyrics affect children and adults. In a 2003 study involving college students, Anderson found that songs with violent lyrics increased aggression related thoughts and emotions and this effect was directly related to the violent content of the lyrics. â€Å"One major conclusion from this and other research on violent entertainment media is that content matters,† says Anderson. This message is important for all consumers, but especially for parents of children and adolescents. † A typical child in the U. S. watches 28 hours of TV weekly, seeing as many as 8,000 murders by the time he or she finishes elementary school at age 11, and worse, the killers are depicted as getting away with the murders 75% of the time while showing no remorse or accountability. Such TV violence socialization may make children immune to brutality and aggression, while others become fearful of living in such a dangerous soci ety. With the research clearly showing that watching violent TV programs can lead to aggressive behavior, The American Psychological Association passed a resolution in 1985 informing broadcasters and the public of the potential dangers that viewing violence on television can have for children. In 1992, the APA's Task Force on Television and Society published a report that further confirmed the link between TV violence and aggression. In 1990, Congress passed the Children's Television Act (CTA), which outlined new regulations for commercial broadcast stations. As a result of the CTA (which was updated in 1996), stations are required to air at least three hours of programming â€Å"that furthers the education and informational needs of children 16 years and under in any respect, including children's intellectual/cognitive or social/emotional needs. † These programs must be labeled with the designation â€Å"E/I† and have clearly stated, written educational objectives. These educational programs generally contain both direct and indirect messages fostering cooperation and compassion rather than aggression. Parents now have positive options when it comes to choosing TV programs for their children. Research on television and violence has also led to the development of content-based rating systems that allow parents to make judgments about the programs' content before allowing their children to watch a show. Besides warning of the harmful effects of violent media content, psychology has a strong history of bringing out the best in television. For example, Daniel R. Anderson, a professor of psychology at the University of Massachusetts, has worked with producers of children's programs like Sesame Street and Captain Kangaroo to help TV shows educate children.

Central Role of Entitativity in Stereotypes

Everyone has their own perception and thinking about a particular event. It is not necessary that every person perceive the similar events identically. There can be difference in the perception of different people. This is because perception portrays the thought processes of the person or it can be said that the way a person thinks is the base of what he will perceive about a particular event (Young, Hellawell and Hay, 2013). Perception designed the behaviour or the response of the person to a particular situation or stimuli. This is reason why behaviour and response of the person also differs with the difference in their personality and thinking. When many of the individual faces any situation, he used to organize the information he observes and then process it to take out an outcome. The difference in their process of aligning and assessing the information makes the people different (Walker-Smith, Gale and Findlay, 2013). There are many factors that can affect the change in perception of the people at personal life as well as on the workplace. These are the factors related to the vicinity environment of the people. As the environment changes, it may be possible that the perception of an individual towards a particular thing or event can also change (Gibson, 2014). The attitude and the behaviour of the person also results in biasness in perception. As the individual makes a perception about an event, they become bias as well. Some of the factors are discussed below that leads to distortion in the perception and biasness in the mature of the people (Broadbent, 2013): Selective perception is the first and the major factor that affect perception of the individual. Everyone receives large amount of information from the outside stimuli. It is not possible for the individual to observe everything or assesse very information (Slovic, 2016). Thus, the final behaviour of the person demands on what that person has selected to observe from the information. This selective information forms the selective perception of the person. At the same time, it is possible that another individual have selected different type of information from the same stimuli and thus have different perception from the first person (Krishna, 2012). Selective tendency lead to biasness because the individual used to observe the information according to his comfort and ideas. In this type of selection, the individual looks only for the information he believes in and thus leads to biased decisions. Another factor that can affect the perception of the individual is stereotype. It can be d efined as the generalized thinking that has been framed by an individual for a particular group of people (Chen and Tsai, 2007). When an individual judges a person belongs to a particular group than the shortcut method of stereotyping is used to make the perception. Stereotyping allow the people to manage the small amount of information available for a particular type of people. It is very simple method of evaluating others by looking for the characteristics of the group they belongs to. It is very common method to be used from making perception (Mancini, Longo, Kammers and Haggard, 2011). However, it is common does not mean that it can be accepted as the universal method and is always correct. It can develop errors or distort the perceptions from truth.   At the workplace, stereotype develops negative results. This is because the whole group is perceived to be of a particular kind only by assessing or interacting with a particular person from the group (Spencer-Rodgers, Hamilton and Sherman, 2007). It is not necessary that the person can represent the whole group by his views. There can be different views and attitude of the people in a single group as well. Sometime the perception of the individual can be made only by judging only one traits of the person. This method of making perceptions is called Halo effect. It is the effect that results in perception by only one trait of the individual and assuming that the other traits are also associated with this trait only. For example, if a girl is beautiful and attractive, the boss perceived that she is intelligent and god performer (Hu and Lindemann, 2009). Later on he realized that he is not good in typing. This is the perception error he has in his mind because of the one trait of that girl that is beauty. Halo effect creates error in the perception nada los creates biasness (Hu and Lindemann, 2009). As in the above case, the boss thinks that beauty means intelligence which is the wrong perception. Beauty is different trait and intelligence is very different. It is saying that â€Å"first impression is the last impression†. This is because when a person met another person first time, he perceives something from his personality and then it becomes his perception for that person for life time. This is not always true and thus first impression can also distort the person and create biasness. It is very difficult for the individual to change the first impression they had on another person. But that does not mean that if a person has been arrogant at the time when he was observed by another person is arrogant in nature (Sikdar and Mitra, 2012. It depends on the situation when the two people met or confront each other. There may be another reason behind such behaviour of the person. Therefore, making a perception only by judging the person’s first impression is also wrong. Contrast effect can be learnt in this context of making perception. Contrast effects are the effects that a re very different from the environment and draw the attention of other. This also helps in making or creating the perception for a person. Projection is another factor that can alter the perception of the people. The next factor that can be considered to have an impact of the perception is the projection. Projection refers to perceiving others as own. The people who believe in projection perceive the individual as what they like to perceive and what they are rather than whet that person is. This is a very wrong way of perceiving others as this have many errors. There are many implicit theories of individual that support them to have perceptions. These theories are made by tem only and this decides their way to perceive other person. These theories can be correct for one person but may get wrong for different person and thus create distortion in the perception (Nosek, Smyth, Sriram, Lindner, Devos, Ayala, Bar-Anan, Bergh, Cai, Gonsalkorale and Kesebir, 2009). Distortion in the perception is the very big issue and this needs to be overcome by the people in their personal as well as professional life. This is because distortion or wrong perception about any individual may lead to harmful effects for them. There are many ways in which an individual can improve or correct their perception process in their personal life. The first way is to improve self-perception. Self-perception is based on self-esteem and it is very personal that it cannot be judge as wrong or right (Hammi, Samp, Rà ©muzat, Auray, Lamure, Aballà ©a, Kooli, Akhras and Toumi, 2014). The individual himself has to identify the negative and positive of his perception process and then try to overcome the negative part so that this factor may not distort his perceptions. Avoiding schemata is another way to resolve this issue. Schemata means the set of information perceived or observed by the person that becomes the basis for that person to perceive others. Following the pattern every time in perceiving others result in distortion and the individual should avoid this. There are many environmental factors such as society, family etc. that affect our thinking process and perceptions towards a particular event. It is very necessary fir the person to be critical in judging these social factors that affect the thinking. This is because these factors not only provide the positive perceptions but sometimes lead to develop negative perception that may be wrong. Sometimes, the people develop their own prophecies to judge anther individual. For example, there was a biology teacher in a school who belongs to China. Students thought that he would not be a good teacher as he does not know how to speak English properly (Pronin, 2008). This was a very wrong perception made by their own assumption that he belongs to China and cannot speak good English without actually experiencing his teaching. This made their perception wrong and distorted. Better communication and intera ction making the people can resolve this issue. It is required by the people to communicate more with the people so that they can better judge them by assessing al their qualities rather than making assumptions. If two people properly interact with each other, they get to know each other better and make their perception by assessing the actual traits of the person. There will be no other environmental factor that can affect their thought process that time. If a person chooses his or her life partner, they took time to know each other rather then deciding after one meeting. This is because interacting and communicating with each there helps them to develop better understanding. It is not only in personal life but at the workplace also, this issue of distortion in perception generates. At organizational level, it is very important to have correct perception in order to make better decisions for the human resource of the organization. Any distortion in the minds of the manager about a person can lead to wrong decision of promotion or demotion and thus can affect a person’s life very badly (Pronin, 2007). At the organizations, the management of the company has to take many decisions regarding training, promotion, Pay scale etc. this decision shouldn’t be made on assumptions and should be made on assessing all the factors and the traits of the employees. The management should implement some of the strategies such as 360 degree analysis, interviews, and other evaluation techniques to judge the person. This is because these techniques where all the employees of the organization participate and all the factors of the organization are considered c an only lead to better and efficient decision. An example can be taken in order to understand the concept better. Suppose, if a manager has to choose a team leader in his team. He used the method of stereotype and selected the person who belongs to an educated family to be a team leader. This is his perception that the person belongs to a good and educated family that means he can be a team leader but in reality it was not the case. After sometime the manager realized that another person of the same team is doing very good in his work and have all the skills of leading the team (Moore and Small, 2007). This suggests that assessing the skills of the person is required to take such decision rather than the perceptions. Perception are the part of an individual’s personality and thus it is not necessary that every person always perceive things right. It is also not important that every individual behave similarly in every situation and perceive similar thing about a particular person. Distortion in the perceptions is very common practice but it should be removed by the people in order to take better decision about others. It can be concluded that every individual should assess the environment and other factors that can help in making perceptions of the people. Broadbent, D.E., 2013.  Perception and communication. Elsevier. Chen, C.F. and Tsai, D., 2007. How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions?. Tourism management ,  28(4), pp.1115-1122. Gibson, J.J., 2014.  The ecological approach to visual perception: classic edition. Psychology Press. Hammi, E.E., Samp, J., Rà ©muzat, C., Auray, J.P., Lamure, M., Aballà ©a, S., Kooli, A., Akhras, K. and Toumi, M., 2014. Difference of perceptions and evaluation of cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder patients across psychiatrists internationally.  Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology,  4(1), pp.22-29. Hu, G. and Lindemann, S., 2009. Stereotypes of Cantonese English, apparent native/non-native status, and their effect on non-native English speakers’ perception.  Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development,  30(3), pp.253-269. Krishna, A., 2012. An integrative review of sensory marketing: Engaging the senses to affect perception, judgment and behavior.  Journal of Consumer Psychology,  22(3), pp.332-351. Mancini, F., Longo, M.R., Kammers, M.P. and Haggard, P., 2011. Visual distortion of body size modulates pain perception.  Psychological Science,  22(3), pp.325-330. Moore, D.A. and Small, D.A., 2007. Error and bias in comparative judgment: on being both better and worse than we think we are.  Journal of personality and social psychology,  92(6), p.972. Nosek, B.A., Smyth, F.L., Sriram, N., Lindner, N.M., Devos, T., Ayala, A., Bar-Anan, Y., Bergh, R., Cai, H., Gonsalkorale, K. and Kesebir, S., 2009. National differences in gender–science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,  106(26), pp.10593-10597. Pronin, E., 2007. Perception and misperception of bias in human judgment.  Trends in cognitive sciences,  11(1), pp.37-43. Pronin, E., 2008. How we see ourselves and how we see others.  Science,  320(5880), pp.1177-1180. Sikdar, A. and Mitra, S., 2012. Gender-role stereotypes: Perception and practice of leadership in the Middle East.  Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues,  5(3), pp.146-162. Slovic, P., 2016.  The perception of risk. Routledge. Spencer-Rodgers, J., Hamilton, D.L. and Sherman, S.J., 2007. The central role of entitativity in stereotypes of social categories and task groups.  Journal of personality and social psychology,  92(3), p.369. Walker-Smith, G.J., Gale, A.G. and Findlay, J.M., 2013. Eye movement strategies involved in face perception.  Perception,  42(11), pp.1120-1133. Young, A.W., Hellawell, D. and Hay, D.C., 2013. Configurational information in face perception.  Perception,  42(11), pp.1166-1178.

Introduction to Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Leadership - Essay Example I realize much of this course, as well as the text book ( Northouse 2014) suggest that leadership is a phenomenon that resides in the context of the interactions between leaders and followers and makes leadership available to everyone (Northouse , 2014 p.8), but from my personal experiences, especially in a work context, trait theory appears to be the biggest contributor. Despite this it is obvious that one can only be a leader if there are those to be led, those who will interact with him and who share common aims, whether this is something as simple as making a profit , or , on a much grander scale, to improve the living standards of a whole population by acting as its government, or even to have some more negative aim such as the eradication of another people group as happened in Germany in the mid 20th century.   So leadership happens in many different areas of life – in business , in politics, in health care, in families   and in military life , to give just some of m any possible examples. A good leader must, by definition, be able to communicate his ideas to others, but there should also be two way communication , in that he listens to others , gets feedback for instance as to how a project is proceeding, or takes account of suggestions. My goal for my immediate future is not actually to become a leader, but more to understand the concept of leadership and how it can be done at its most effective. I have worked with those I considered to be good and successful leaders, as well as incompetent and ineffective ones.

The successful integration of iPads and smartphones into the Research Proposal

The successful integration of iPads and smartphones into the workplace. When the iPad is the only computer your employees need - Research Proposal Example There may be two possible reasons for the inclusion of iPads and smartphones in the workplace, i.e. the demand of the business growth in the digital era, or the demand of employees working in the highly competitive business world at present (Gruman, 2011). Literature Review Technology gadgets such as iPads, Smartphones, Tablets and others have gained a remarkable significance in the daily life of human society in this 21st century. Undoubtedly, the features rendered by these gadgets are the major reasons to enhance its public usage and demand in the current scenario. One of the major advantages provided by the gadgets is their ability to connect people all around the world with a single touch and thus boost the aspect of international communication. Other features served by these gadgets include video calling, online gaming and chatting, and various internet services (Abdnour, 2011). It is in this context that these technology gadgets are emerging to be the most favorites of younger generation. Pierson (2010) stated that â€Å"The upstart college and career multitasker, age 18–27, is redefining connectivity at work and home†. Subsequently, Apple (one of the major iPad producers in the international market) sold almost 3 million pieces of iPads all around the world within a few months from its introduction to the market. Another major producer of tablets, Forrester also had to revise its prediction of future sales increasing the total sales to 13 million units. Experts have further contributed that almost 59 million iPads are expected to be sold in the US only, by the end of 2015 (Schadler & Et. Al., 2010). The inclusion of smartphones in the workplace was contemplated long before the inclusion of iPads and tablets. In comparison to the introduction strategies of smartphones, tablets and other technology gadgets are being introduced to the market in a different manner. For instance, the tablets are witnessed to be favored more than the laptops by e mployees, as tablets have almost every feature of laptops and other features in addition. For example, a tablet is also considered to replace clipboards in terms of its wide ranging features and effective applicability (Schadler & Et. Al., 2010). In this regard, Schadler & Et. Al. (2010) state that â€Å"Tablets and other smart mobile devices are brought in by eager employees and are opening doors to many new business scenarios, often in places where no computer works today†. Therefore, it can be stated that the demand for these technological gadgets in the workplace is highly influenced by the eagerness of Gen Y employees in the current scenario. However, there are various other reasons that have been identified by the experts to have a significant influence on the involvement of iPads, Smartphones and tablets in the workplace. As stated by Grove & Et. Al. (2010), iPads are considered to be highly useful for the companies to improve the aspects of ‘visibility and usabi lity’ of the company data in order to serve their customers with higher efficiency. On the similar

The impact of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles on our society Essay

The impact of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles on our society - Essay Example The possibilities of building systems that openly endanger societies all over the world are at least as huge as the possibility of applying this technology for constructive intentions or for the greater good. This essay presents an analysis of the positive and negative impacts of UAVs on societies and warfare. The Costs and Benefits of Unmanned Systems The design, construction, and use of UAVs will transform national security policy and society significantly. As more and more societies begin to use more automated processes, movement into areas affecting national security policy will certainly take place. The likelihood of building remotely operated, armed UAVs no longer sounds unbelievable. As expected, the development of UAVs would radically transform air battle. UAVs offer numerous advantages over manned structures, such as preventing human casualties, enabling flight control, and being more affordable or cost-effective (Bone & Bolkcom 2004, 10). UAVs enable a range of military and civilian operations not possible beforehand with manned systems and enable these operations to be carried out without risking the lives of the pilots, who operate at distant control centers. In counterinsurgency combat, the primary advantage of UAVs is an enhanced capacity to locate, deal with, and terminate enemies, while reducing civilian fatalities. Usually, UAVs would monitor a suspect and send the coordinates to a control station, where staffs would discuss with senior officials and look at maps in order to track civilian networks or buildings. After the discussion, the control station would dispatch directives to an airborne vehicle (Owen & Mueller 2007, 49). Moreover, as P.W. Singer observes, using UAVs give pilots the opportunity to engage in further risks with their vehicles, like hanging around longer and flying closer to the ground, hence resulting in a more precise attack. UAVs hence help commanding officers prevent civilian casualties during their attacks—an imp ortant factor in counterinsurgency combat (Callam 2010, 3). Unmanned aerial vehicles have further strengthened and sped up the evolving characteristic of warfare, and have been promoted for civilian uses such as search and rescue, wider security, and in observation of disaster-prone territories. Advancements in technology currently allow combatants to employ UAVs to deal with opponents from distant locations such as the Middle East. It also enables search and rescue attempts to be carried out in isolated locations or inaccessible ruins via the application of search and rescue automatons (Valavanis et al. 2009, 452). These automated machines have kept humans from entering dangerous situations. In a nutshell, the benefits of employing UAVs in comparison to using a manned system, are UAVs do not include, or require, a trained pilot aboard; lessen the exposure hazard to the pilot; can go into places that are hostile to humans; can remain airborne for more than 24 hours, conducting an ac curate, constant monitoring of a territory (e.g. conducting thermal or visual scan of an area, conducting a geological scan, etc.); and can be designed to accomplish operations independently even without communication with its operator (Callam 2010, 2). But UAVs are not completely blemish-free. The use of UAVs has also received several criticisms. Several learned observers argue that the application of

Multiple topics outlined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Multiple topics outlined - Essay Example Author focused on the relation with everyday things. He changed his point if view. He has become more phenomenological than an experientialist, and this transition is quite vital. It is noticed that from last many years, there are no proved concepts available, which are related to the science of experience based logic. He was expecting a surprise from his positivist co-workers. His concepts are changed from the traditional approach of hard science. The approach of hard science is based on experimental results and it is supposed to be an objective, positivist, rigorous and logical approach. Another approach of usability design or experience design needs a mental attitude and it is commonly known as subjective, post-positivist and experientialist approach. The author focused on the dichotomy of objective and subjective approaches. The book is basically about the emotional designs. This is the fourth book by Norman on the topic about everyday things. The other three books are not relate d to the theme of this book, but all these are only used to understand the feelings of the author. The book contains the chapter on â€Å"Personal Reflections†; this is called the refresher of book. Cognition is rutted concept with related to emotions. The manifestation of two in the functionality or behavior describes the good product that means the good design of the product with including the effectiveness of the product as well. According to the previous concepts of Norman’s focus was on usability and the behavioral manifestation, and his new changed concepts presented in this book are related to the effectiveness of the product rather than the design. The brief description about three main characteristics of the effective, behavioral and cognitive components are presented here in the paper. Three different aspects related to the design of the product are shown here. The three aspects of products design are named as visceral design, behavioral design and the cognit ive or reflective design. The visceral design is about the outer most appearance of the product. This may be in the type of sight, sound, smell or feel etc. The immediate and effective response, emotions about the designed product is the core of this aspect of design. The behavioral aspect is about the pleasure and effectiveness of use. The response from visceral aspect is very important for behavioral aspect. The bad or geed response reflects the performance of the product. The main purpose of this aspect of design is functions, performance and usability of the designed product. In the third aspect of cognitive design the rationalization of choice is considered. The understanding of the product is the main part of this aspect. For the design procedure of any kind of product or thing, these three aspects must be followed. Without following these concepts, production of products is nearly not possible. According to Norma’s theory, emotions are changed in the way we think, mean s that our emotions are dependent on the thinking. He wrote that emotions are very important for things used in our everyday life. So the subjective aspect is more demanded for everyday things as compared with objective approach. The author illustrated his concept about objective and subjective approaches through many related examples. The innovations are mostly logical based due to need for business point of view rather considered as the emotion. Author believes that advancement in the

Theories of Prejudice in Studs Terkels C.P. Ellis Essay

Theories of Prejudice in Studs Terkels C.P. Ellis - Essay Example Ellis describes an example of how such causal factors of prejudice are shaped due to personal, historical, and environmental issues. This essay is an attempt to relate the theories expounded by Parrillo to the actual case of C.P. Ellis. Terkel’s narrative, after all effectively describes the different levels of prejudice that C.P. Ellis went through before finally reaching a realization that such prejudice should be done away with. By interpreting Ellis’s experience from the perspective using Parrillo’s theories, it is possible to achieve that prejudice, no matter how long it has been held by an individual, can still be eradicated. In applying Parrillo’s theory on the levels of prejudice, it is clear that Ellis did not develop his racial prejudice only in his adult years. Terkel writes that Ellis’s father was a member already of the Ku Klux Klan. Ellis narrated that that he was taught by his father that the Klan was the â€Å"savior of the white pe ople† and that it was â€Å"the only organization in the world that would take care of the white people.† (Terkel 400) Through his father’s influence, Ellis developed a strong admiration and belief for whatever the Klan stood for, including its hatred for African Americans. It was easy for Ellis to be influenced by his father because, who despite being a drunk at times, made it a point to spend enough fun times for his son. Ellis himself declared his affection and love for his father, including the ideas given to him. The parent’s own outlook is always the first to influence a child, a fact that is even more operative in healthy father-son relationships. The relationship between adult and child, especially when parental, is the most effective condition for a cognitive level of prejudice to develop. Parrillo defines the cognitive level of prejudice as one that â€Å"encompasses a person's beliefs and perceptions of a group as threatening or non-threatening , inferior or equal (e.g., in terms of intellect, status, or biological composition), seclusive or intrusive, impulse gratifying, acquisitive, or possessing other positive or negative characteristics.† (385) The development of the cognitive level is prompted by external factors, however. In Ellis’s case, it is the ideas planted by his father in his younger years. The absence of economic opportunities is another causal factor in the emergence of racial prejudice. The frustration of being poor or impoverished despite working very hard can cause individuals to seek subjects where they can vent their anger. It is clear in his narrative that Ellis put heavy emphasis on his frustration over his economic woes. Just like his father, he worked very hard only to find out that his earnings were still not enough to satisfy the needs of his family. He was angry and depressed and he needed to blame someone or some people over his fate. Ellis admitted that he began to blame African Am ericans. For him, it was the most convenient thing to do since â€Å"hatin’ America is hard to do because you can’t see it to hate it.† (Terkel 400). In analyzing Ellis’s statement, it is obvious that he already had the tendency to consider the American social system itself as the probable cause for his and his family’s despondence. However, without the intellectual tools of social analysis, identifying such system as the culprit is complicated.  

Children's Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Children's Literature - Essay Example Science was starting to understand some of the great mysteries of life and becoming capable of explaining them in ways that didn’t depend upon the church. Political structures throughout the world had undergone significant changes within living memory and were not yet fully settled. Women began to band together against their oppressed status and philosophers were beginning to puzzle out a greater understanding of the human mind and the way it works. The child, up to this point, had often been considered either a sinful and wild creature or a miniature adult yet these new advancements revealed the child was instead something still developing. There was a â€Å"veritable explosion of information about this period of physiological and cognitive development in human beings† in which literature became â€Å"a central vehicle for expressing ideas about the self and its history† (Steedman 5). The introduction of magic and fantasy through the fairy tale and other stories proved quite effective in teaching children important life lessons in a way they could understand as can be seen in stories such as J.M. Barrie's Peter Pan and Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland. Breaking away from mundane experience through the introduction of fantasy and the magical realm enables authors to personify and exaggerate various behaviors, values and character traits. This provides children with a more accessible avenue to comprehending complex concepts while remaining in keeping with their varying levels of understanding. Although cognitive ability is known to be present at birth, it continues to improve upon skills acquired throughout the preschool years in order to apply and adapt to things that exist outside of the self. There are four main categories of skills developed during this period (Santrock). The first to develop are self help skills in which the child learns to take care of their daily needs such as getting dressed. They also learn social help skills in which they begin to perceive the importance of helping others such as taking part in household chores and demonstrating their ability to think outside of themselves. Academic skills also develop as the child builds analytical skills such as those necessary for mathematics and logic. The final main category of development refers to play skills. These skills enable the child to further perfect previously learned skills by participating in play and physical activity. They also end up placing themselves in situations in which they must analyze situations quickly and accurately to achieve the desired goals. Through such activities, they significantly improve their speech and communication skills as well as comprehension, vocabulary, pronunciation and sentence construction. These are all ideas brought forward in Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland (1865) and J.M. Barrie’s Peter Pan (1904). Many of the early fantasy novels such as Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan are frame stories. These are stories that reveal a collection of adventures tied together by a unifying thread of narrative. The popularity of this format for these kinds of stories exists in the ability of the frame to reveal the connection between the real world and the world of fantasy. It provides a means of breaking through the adult paradigms of reality that are

How does al etihad company benefit from the employment from overseas Research Proposal

How does al etihad company benefit from the employment from overseas graduates - Research Proposal Example al., 2013). Subsequently, the proposed study will help identifying how the company will be benefitted from recruiting skilled and talented graduates of the overseas labour market. This outcome of the proposed study will be crucial in determining a better set of workforce that can contribute towards the sustainable existence of the overall business (Gold Bars Worldwide, 2013). A better understanding of the research topic can be gained from the brief analysis of secondary sources. As per Chandramohan (2008), HRM ensures proper and productive management of the resources in businesses, deemed as the most vital assets required for the sustainability of any organisation (Chandramohan, 2008). Correspondingly, Sims (2012) argued that proper HRM ultimately leads to business success since well-managed employees work efficiently and with utmost productivity towards attaining the business goals. However, prior to the application of the HRM principles, effective recruitment of productive members is important to build an effective set of workforce (Dowling & et. al., 2008). As per the report of CBI (2013), employing graduates from overseas markets not only enhances workplace diversity but also helps companies in the global markets to tackle cultural differences amid customers in an efficient manner. It is through this mechanism that by recruiting skilled and education candidates from numerous regions, companies can ensure compliance with the modern day challenges of diversity and continuous changes (CBI, 2013). As per the study of Hoo & et. al. (2009), in the presence of graduates from the overseas markets, companies are able to better exploit the potentials of the overseas markets and gain better share in the international markets (Hoo & et. al., 2009). Besides, as Al Etihad is among the fastest growing players in Gold and Silver refinery industries, the company requires highly skilled and technically sound employees, capable of dealing with such on-the-job

Fostering Teacher Student Relationship in Nursing Essay Example for Free

Fostering Teacher Student Relationship in Nursing Essay The teacher student relationship is very important for children. Children spend approximately 5 to 7 hours a day with a teacher . We ask ourselves what is considered a good teacher? All of us have gone through schooling, and if fortunate had a favorite teacher. A positive relationship between the student and the teacher is difficult to establish, but can be found for both individuals. The qualities for a positive relationship can vary to set a learning experience approachable and inviting the students to learn. A teacher and student who have the qualities of good communications, respect in a classroom, and show interest in teaching from the point of view of the teacher and learning from a student will establish a positive relationship in the classroom. I will be focusing on the relationship between a nursing student and teacher, involving a setting of classroom and at the clinical settings which I have found to be extremely important for the student to gain a positive attitude towards their profession for the rest of life. Each student has different strategies for learning and achieving their goals. A few students in a classroom will grasp and learn quickly, but at the same time there will be those who have to be repeatedly taught using different techniques to be able to understand the lesson. Also, there will be students who roam around and use college as entertainment. They won’t like our instructions or policies. Teaching then becomes difficult, especially if there is no proper communication. Like wise the student disruptions may occur in classes that are poorly organized and managed where students are not provided with appropriate and interesting instructional tasks. The main thing teacher can do is continuously monitor the student in order for him or her to be aware of any difficulties that he/ she is having. Understanding the child’s problem, fear, or confusion will give the teacher a better understanding about the child’s learning difficulties. Once the teacher becomes aware of the problems, he or she will have more patience with the student, thus making the child feel secure or less confused when learning is taking place in the classroom. The same thing happens in clinics also. The students may face many problems in their clinical areas. Many of the students expressed the despair of having a wide practice-theory gap. Eventhough nursing students are learning many subjects in deep; they may be feeling that they can’t practice it all in the actual practice. They may be feeling that they are doing the very basic nursing care that even the nursing aids can do. In my student life I was sometimes observing the evaluative role of teacher, instead of teaching role. So teachers can avoid creating such situations by making the clinics a best teaching arena. A teacher who acts as a good facilitator or supporter at the clinical setting can easily enter in to the minds of young students and this will enhance the development of a hearty relation between these two parties. The student is also responsible for making the communication a positive one. They can approach the teacher for open their mind during their academic or personal crises situations. Of course a teacher is not going to understand every problem for every child in his or her classroom, but will acquire enough information for those students who are struggling with specific tasks. A significant body of research indicates that â€Å"academic achievement and student behavior are influenced by the quality of the teacher and student relationship† (Jones 95). The more the teacher connects or communicates with his or her students, the more likely they will be able to help students learn at a high level and accomplish quickly. Those teachers, who demonstrate respect towards their students, automatically win favor by having active learners in their classroom. The arrogant or offensive teacher will lack these positive qualities due to his or her lack of control over the children. Teachers should assert that they should also be treated with respect . Teachers can blend their warmth and firmness towards the students in their classroom, but with realistic limits. Teachers who are in a classroom might have experienced one time or other students who are disruptive or find learning boring. Teachers understand that if this behavior continues in the classroom and if they do nothing to prevent this from happening, the outcome proves to be disastrous for both types of participants. The student will conclude that his or her behavior is permissible, and will draw away from learning; therefore it is essentially important for the teacher to explain to the child the importance to learn. Though we understand that learning cannot be forced, learning becomes a process for an individual where he or she feels comfortable with learning whether it’s in a classroom or at clinics. Children in first year feel the urge to talk about their problems, fears, or even show their knowledge, but at the same time they want to be listened too. The student will feel valued and respected. Students feel happy when the teacher eventually gives them the option of contributing, or in other words the teacher asks for an opinion, which is usually not offered to the students. The teacher does not have to give up all their control, rather teachers share control with students and encourage interactions that are determined by mutual agreement. A close, but limited relationship between the student and teacher can be helpful for those students who are shy, and find speaking in front of the classroom difficult or children who have low self-esteem. The tension of these students will prevent them to develop the confidence they had always wanted, but never achieved due to not having a good relationship with the teacher. Therefore, how does a teacher hold a relationship that leads to effectively teach the children? The answer becomes clear when teachers interact with, and learn more about their students. Our first educational experience, which takes place in the primary years of our life, sets the principles for our future education. Having established a positive relationship with students will encourage students to seek education and be enthusiastic and to be in school. Remembering our favorite teacher will be recognized because they had at least in one way or another the qualities I discussed in this writing although we are not aware of it during the time we are in school, but teachers are well recognized at a later time of our lives.

The Types Of Conflicts

The Types Of Conflicts Conflict and negotiation have been a serious matter for organization. As individuals have different thinking or way of doing things different from others, conflict may occur among them. So we will identify those types of conflict happening between individuals in the workplace. Then we will explain the different variety of organization conflict levels. After that we will explain Thomas-Kilmann Model used for conflict issues based on assertiveness and cooperativeness and then discuss the negotiation approaches used when parties are negotiating in something. Another part of the work will be taking about culture and then explain Scheins iceberg model of culture and Handy four dimensions of organizational culture. The last episode will explain about Kurt Lewins three steps of change theory. Introduction Conflict is a normal and natural part of our workplaces and lives. As people with diverse background come together in a working environment, differences in opinion, attitudes and beliefs. However conflict does not submit itself to a single and widely accepted definition, different peoples have given different definitions. Dougherty and Pfaltzgraff( 1971:139) defined the concept as: A Condition in which one identifiable group of human beings is engaged in conscious opposition to one or more other identifiable human groups because the groups are pursing what are or appear to be incompatible goals (Dougherty, 1971). Dougherty and Pfaltzgraffs definition clearly points to the fact that conflict arises out of interaction between and among people. Mc Shane and Olekalns also defined conflict as a process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party (Mc Shane Tony, 2010). Types of conflicts: Since all individual have different mindset, it is quite possible that there may be arguments or differences of opinion according certain issues. This take place most often in workplaces. Generally there are many types of conflict but the majority of them are found in places of work because most of our time is spend there. In our situation we will focus on just three types of conflict which is task conflict, relationship conflict and process conflict. Task conflict- task conflict are conflict that happen within a group or team, this type of conflict is focused around the task at hand. It arises when the group members have different viewpoints, opinions and ideas. Example: in a workplace, differences of opinion between the members of a project team on how to market a new product. Relationship conflict- Relationship conflict concerns interpersonal animosities and tensions among individuals themselves rather than the task, it occur because of the presence of strong negative emotions, poor communication or miscommunication. This type of conflict happens every day in our life it is difficult to avoid it. Example: Process conflict: Levels of Conflict: As we have seen, organization conflict can take place at a variety of levels. By far, conflict occurs at various social levels and may include intrapersonal, interpersonal, intergroup and interorganizational level of conflict. Intrapersonal Conflict occurs between the individual and may involve some form of goal, cognitive or affective conflict. Intrapersonal conflict is unique among the types of conflict, it is the sort of conflict that happens whenever an individual behave. This type of conflict is also known as psychic conflict. It occurs when an organizational is required to perform certain task and role that do not match his or her expertise, interests, goals and values. An example of interpersonal conflict is when an individual is attracted to two desirable goals but cannot pursue both. Interpersonal Conflict involves two or more individuals who believe that their attitudes, behavior or preferred goals are in opposition. This type of conflict between individ uals is a concern for managers because it happens all the time between individuals in the same or different department or even different organizations. An example is conflict that occurs between two different hierarchical levels or units members in the same organization such as superiors and subordinators. Intergroup Conflict refers conflict between groups of individual such as members of different teams, department or groups. The group may be very large such as notions or much smaller social group such engineers or the production managers in a manufactory facility. Interorganizational conflict involve disputes between two or more organizations as a result of interdependence on membership and divisional or system wide success. An example is the competition against two different businesses to one another. Conflict Mode: Thomas-Killmann Model. Conflict arise when people have different views on a subject, the Thomas-Killmann Model can be useful because it focuses on the individual style used most often in conflict issues, this conflict model is based on an access of assertiveness and cooperativeness. The elements of this model are followed: Avoiding, Accommodating, Competing, Compromising and Collaborating. Lets start by the first one Avoiding people using this type think that they evade the conflict entirely, this style is typified by delegating controversial decisions, accepting wrong decisions, and not wanting to hurt anyones feelings. However in many situations this is a weak and ineffective approach to take. The next one is Accommodating, this style indicates a willingness to meet the needs of others at the expense of the persons own needs. The person using this style often knows when to give in to others, but can be persuaded to surrender a position even when it is not warranted. This person is not assertive but is highly cooperative. Accommodation is appropriate when the issues matter more to the other party, when peace is more valuable than winning. After accommodating we tend to Competing, strongly assertive and not inclined to cooperation. This is a power oriented approach, competing is appropriate when quick decisive actions is needed or when an unpopular but necessary course must be followed. This style can be useful when there is an emergency and a decision needs to be make fast. Another style is Compromising, this an intermediate style in both assertiveness and cooperativeness, individuals who prefer a compromising style try to find solution of the problems that will at least partially satisfy everyone. Each person is expected to give up something and the compromiser also expects to abandon something. This approach lead leads to expedient and acceptable outcomes that fall short of ideal but which both parties are willing to accept. The last one is Co llaborating, this is where people try to work together like as they say two heads are better than one. Assertive and cooperative, this involves working with the other party to find a mutual agreeable solution. A collaborator will not be shy to express his or her views. This style is useful when you need to bring together a variety of viewpoints to get the best solution when the situation is too important for a simple trade-off. Below is how the diagram of Thomas-Kilmann model is presented based on assertiveness and cooperativeness. Negotiation Approaches: one distinctive type of conflict management is negotiation, where people engage in give and take discussions and consider various alternatives to reach a joint decision that is acceptable to both parties. Some conflicts require confrontation and negotiation between the parties. The strategy to negotiate requires skill on the part of the negotiator and careful planning before proceeding in negotiation. This process of negotiating involves an open discussion of problem solution. There are two (2) major negotiation approaches which are distributive and integrative. Distributive negotiation is considered the traditional model for handling negotiation. It is an approach in which the goals of one party are in direct conflict with the goals of the other party. In distributive negotiation each party attempts to get as much as they can. One side wants to win which means the other side must lose. With this win-lose approach, distributive negotiation is competitive and a dversarial rather than collaborative and does not lead to positive long term relationship. An example, when negotiating for a used car, if the buyer feels that he got a good deal for the car, he won. But if he walks away feeling that he paid too much for it, he lost. On the other hand, Integrative negotiation is based on a win-win theory, in that all parties want to come up with a creative solution that can benefit both sides. With integrative negotiation, conflicts are managed through cooperation and compromise, which leads trust and positive long term relationship between the parties. Ideally, no one should loose in an integrative negotiation because the parties will sit together to analyze the solution of the problem so that each party will benefit from it and build a strong relationship. Example a trade union negotiating with the employers asking an increase in 2.5% of wages every year with bonus on every Christmas or they would go for strike. The employers suggested 1.5% increa se in wages for every two years and 2 hours of work per day bonus will be given. Therefore, the suggestion is advantageous by both parties. Workers benefit good wages and bonus by only giving an extra two hours. The companys work process will be increased that can tend to an increase in sales and profit. So, with integrative negotiation, both parties won. Organizational Culture: According to Ross, culture is a Particular practices and values common to a population living in a given setting. Schein states that the manifestation of organizational culture occurs at three levels: Artifacts, Beliefs or Values and Attitudes and Basic Assumptions. This model provides a useful approach to analyze the cultural construct based on the degree to which the cultural phenomenon is visible to the observer. Artifacts are the most visible aspects of culture, including language, clothing, manners, food, etc. they represent the physical construct of the organization and its social environment. Organizational artifacts include visible phenomena such as: technology and products, language, rites and rituals, uniforms, myths, organizational stories, symbols and ceremonies. Artifacts are easily visible. The second level of Scheins Iceberg Model of culture Beliefs, Values and Attitudes are those values of cultural group which are not visible, but conscious to the members of the group. Schein argues that the artifacts that we can observe are manifestations of the values that constitute part of the organizational culture. The third is Basic Assumptions; these are invisible and unconscious beliefs, perceptions, thoughts and feelings shared by members of a common culture. These basic assumptions grow from the continuous use of a problem solution that has frequently been successful in the past. This is also a challenge for managers because it is quite a challenge to change something that you cannot see, but what is certain is that basic assumptions profoundly influence a persons actions. Below shows Scheins Iceberg Model of Culture. untitled.bmp Handys four dimension of organizational cultures: Cultures are classified into four major types, Handy described the four of them. Power culture: Handy illustrates the power culture as a spiders web, with the all-important spider sitting in the centre. Typically found in small organizations, everything turns around the main person, all decision taken is made by them and they preserve absolute authority in whatever situation. The success of power culture depends on the capabilities of the focal person. Organizations with this type of culture can respond quickly to events, but they are heavily dependent for their continued success on the abilities of the people at the centre; succession is a critical issue. Role culture: The role culture can be illustrated as a building supported by columns and beams: each column and beam has a specific role to playing keeping up the building. This type of culture is based on the existence of procedures and rule frameworks. The hierarchy and bureaucracy dominate this type of organization. Position is the main power source in the role culture as well as rules and procedures are the chief methods of influence. It finds it difficult to adapt to change; it is usually slow to perceive the need for it and to respond appropriately. Task Culture: Task culture is job-or project-oriented, and its accompanying structure can be best represented as a net. This type culture uses a small team approach, where people are highly skilled and specialized in their own area of expertise. Tendency to change to a role or power culture when resources are limited or when the whole organization is unsuccessful. The expertise within this type of organization is vested in the individual within it and it is them who must be organized in way that it meets the needs of the business. Person Culture: Person culture is an unusual culture in which individuals believe themselves superior to the organization. Clearly, not many organizations can exist with this sort of culture, or produce it, since organizations tend to have some form of corporate objective over and above the personal objectives of those who comprise them. Change Management: Change Theory: Kurt Lewin(1890-1947) wan an American social psychologist who contribute much to the understanding of group dynamics. His model state that changing an organization requires that we shake it out of its equilibrium, effect changes while it is unstable and then allow it to settle into the new, desired equilibriumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. He proposed a three stage theory of change commonly reffered to as unfreezing, change and refreezing. Kurt Lewins Model: Lewins model has influenced many later theory of change management. It describes the way in which many managers plan both strategic and operational change. The three levels are: unfreezing, change and refreezing. Unfreezing involve group discussions in which individuals experience others views and begin to adapt their own. Unfreezing means that destabilizing the present balance of forces that gives the organization or business its stability. He argued that this destabilizing process helps to overcome resistance to change. Change involves moving the unbalanced system in the desire direction. It has sometimes been applied more strictly than the intended. Refreezing is the final step of Lewins three step model, which refers of integrating the change into the organization and resuming the organization actions to regain its equilibrium. Conclusion Recommendation: Conflict happens everywhere. Conflict and negotiation are aspects of operating a business. Business owners face conflict with partners, managers, employees and the general public. Negotiation is often necessary to create an amicable solution for all parties involved in the conflict. Many small or home-based businesses avoid internal conflict and negotiation because owners are primarily responsible for completing business functions. However, external conflict and negotiation occur for most companies in the business environment.

Limiting Reactant Effect on Lab

Limiting Reactant Effect on Lab The Limiting Reactant Lab ABSTRACT The purpose of is lab is to see how the limiting reactant effects the whole lab. To determine what the other limiting reactant was and how much of reactant was there. INTRODUCTION A[CS4] limiting reactant limits the reaction and controls the amount of product formed when balancing an equation and making calculations. When calculating a limiting reactant, two reactant masses given because once the limiting reactant is gone the reaction stops producing. Limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely used until there isnt any more of it and then the reactant will stop. (Shah, 2007) (Buthelezi, Dingrando, Hainen, Winstrom, Zike, 2013). Hypothesis is proposed that if there is a sufficient amount of iron that the copper would not be precipitated. MATERIALS Ring Stand Filter Paper Distilled Water Stirring Rod Pipestem triangle Balance Copper(II) sulfate 100mL beaker Wire screen Weigh cups Iron filings 250mL beakers Bunsen burner METHODS The mass of 100mL beaker was measured using a balance. The mass of the weigh cups were taken using a balance, also. 8 grams of copper sulfate crystals were measured using a balance and placed into the 100mL beaker. A graduated cylinder was used to measure out 50 mL of water out to add into the crystals. A Bunsen burner was lit under the ring stand with the wire screen on the ring clamp holding the 100mL beaker and substances in place. The beaker was heated and stirred until just before it began to boil, then the gas was shut off to stop the flame [CS5]and the solution began to cool. 1.3 grams of iron filings were stirred into the hot copper sulfate crystals. The 100mL beaker was left to cool for ten minutes while observing the reaction taking place. A sheet of filter paper was taken including initials written [CS6]on it and weighed. A filtration system was made and placed into a funnel. The funnel was placed over an E[CS7]. flask. The liquid was poured slowly into the funnel going th rough the [CS8]filter paper and into the flask. With tap water the beaker was rinsed. When the solid settled[CS9], the beaker was rinsed two more times, until all of the solid was transferred to the filter paper. The filter paper was placed onto a watch glass and then placed into the oven. Once it is cooled[CS10], the mass of the beaker, filter paper and solid were recorded. RESULTS The[CS11] Limiting Reactants limit the reaction. Once the limiting reactant is gone[CS12] the reaction stops, it determines the amount of the product being produced. Single replacement reaction is a chemical reaction happens when certain atoms in one replace the atoms in another element[CS13]. If[CS14] you dont[CS15] balance and record your numbers then you cannot keep track of how much you have, and then it can make you[CS16] to use too much or to less of needed for the chemical reaction. Using dirty glass wear[CS17] can affect the weights[CS18] and the reaction occurring[CS19]. Mass[CS20] of empty 100mL beaker 70g Mass of copper (II) sulfate 8.0g Mass of iron filings 1.3g Substance collected 3.0g Mass of filter paper 2.0g Moles[CS21] of copper (II) sulfate equaled out to be 0.08 moles because 8.0 grams of copper sulfate multiplied by one mole of copper sulfate divided by 96g of copper sulfate equaled 0.08 moles. The amount of iron added to the solution calculated out to be 0.02 molFe because 1.3 multiplied by one mole Fe divided by 56 grams Fe equals 0.02molFe. There were 0.05 moles of substance produced due to 3 grams being multiplied by 1 and divided by 64 grams and equals to 0.05 moles of substance. Moles of iron metal reactant came out to be 2.8 moles because 8 grams multiplied 1 mole divided by 160 grams multiplied by 56 grams equals 2.8 moles. Copper (II) sulfate starts with 3 grams divided by 56 grams multiplied by 160 grams equals 8.57 moles CuSO4[CS22]. [CS23]The limiting reactant is the iron metal. Its the lowest number[CS24]. The CuSO4 was the excess due to having more left over an exact amount of 8.57 moles. The only error [CS25]that occurred in the lab would be the beaker not being quite as clean as needed In correct recording[CS26] of the Iron[CS27] filings. Also[CS28] that Some[CS29] of the iron was still built up along the sides of the beaker[CS30]. Some of the iron came out [CS31]before it reached the beaker with the copper (II) sulfate. [CS1]APA format says that the running head should be left aligned and page number right aligned. The title of your lab should also be in all caps. [CS2]Please do not use . Either use a comma or the word and. [CS3]Your abstract is missing. Please create a new page, make a center and bold heading Abstract, and complete. Your abstract should be a summary of the purpose of the lab and your findings. [CS4]Paragraphs should be indented. [CS5]Shutting the gas off stopped the flame. Please be specific and explain that instead. [CS6]Third person [CS7]Spell out the name. [CS8]And would work here also [CS9]comma [CS10]comma [CS11]The first line of the paragraph is indented only. [CS12]comma [CS13]Please clarify. [CS14]Just so this lab report will flow a little better, please put a sentence here about potential errors could have been caused by these things in the sentences that follow. [CS15]Please dont use contractions. [CS16]Third person, please. Try something like it would be possible to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. [CS17]This should be spelled ware. [CS18]masses [CS19]If you say this, you need to explain how. Dirty glassware causes masses to be falsely increased due to contaminants or side reactions that use up the reactants to make an undesired product. [CS20]Put in a heading to label this table as Table 1. It should be bold and left aligned. [CS21]Please left align [CS22]This needs subscript. [CS23]This is very difficult to read. Please see me for correct format. Also, instead of going by the calculations listed in the form, calculate limiting reactant and excess in grams the way we did in class. [CS24]Instead of this, it needs to be specific. The limiting reactant was iron metal since calculations indicated that the smallest amount of copper could be produced. [CS25]Many errors are possible. Please mention incorrect measurements, faulty balances, side reactions due to dirty glassware. [CS26]Incorrect is one word [CS27]This does not need to be capitalized. [CS28]comma [CS29]Do not capitalize [CS30]Remained in the beaker [CS31]Came out? How did it come out? Be specific. Mention sticking to the weigh boat, spilling, or some other means of losing the iron.

Hip Hop Culture Essay -- Rap Music Commercialization Essays Papers

Hip Hop Culture Since the early to mid 90’s, hip-hop has undergone changes that purists would consider degenerating to its culture. At the root of these changes is what has been called â€Å"commercial hip-hop". Commercial hip-hop has deteriorated what so many emcees in the 80’s tried to build- a culture of music, dance, creativity, and artistry that would give people not only something to bob their head to, but also an avenue to express themselves and deliver a positive message to their surroundings. What does the term â€Å"commercial† mean? It can take on various meanings, but in essence that term is used to label artists who have alienated parts of the hip-hop culture in their work. The High and Mighty, a duo from Philadelphia signed to Rawkus Records, summed up what commercial hip-hop is in their 1999 single release â€Å"The Meaning†. Mr. Eon says: â€Å"†¦they’re tryin’ to turn hip-hop to just plain rappin’/let the poppers pop/and the breakers break†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But the disenchantment with artists who don’t appreciate hip-hop as consisting of emceeing, breaking, graffiti art, beat boxing and dj-ing is not new. Underground artists, predominately hip-hop purists, have lashed out at biters and perpetrators for many years. For example, in 1989 3rd Bass released their first album, The Cactus Cee/D. Throughout the album, MC Serch and Prime Minister Pete Nice scold the commercialized booty shakers like MC Hammer for corrupting hip-hop, particularly on the track â€Å"The Gasface† they specifically call out Hammer for his antics. Inside the album jacket, Serch sums up hip-hop in ‘89: â€Å"There was a time when nothing was more important than the New York Rap Scene.† It’s dilluted, but not divided.† To hip-hop afficionados, Serch’s quote sounds like the equivalent to a Vietnam soldier’s letter home. Obviously, the group saw the possibility of the hip-hop culture being tainted. Another good example of a group combatting the increase in commercial hip-hop was The Boot Camp Clik, consisting of Buckshot, Helter Skelter, Cocoa Brovaz, OGC, Illa Noyz and The Representativz. The Clik’s slogan throughout the duration of their 1997 release Album for the People was: â€Å"Commercial rap get the gun clap†. A descendent of the early backpacker days, Buckshot has always been opposed to mainstream artists who sacrfice artistic integrity in the lure for more money. The underground hip-hop scene has e... ... ability to rock a crowd with sheer lyricism, explaining why you are doper than the other man, and having a Dj who could support you with dope beats were essentials in old school hip-hop and still are in the underground scene. Underground hip-hop is filled with groups such as The Pharcyde, The Roots, Jigmastas, and Jurassic 5 who use live instruments to not only enhance their lyrical talents, but also to give audiences a great show. All four of these groups are dedicated to preserving hip-hop culture. Emcees battle to prove they are iller, Djs do the same thing, and breakers, break dancers, poppers, whatever you want to call them, continue the tradition of mixing their dance art form of popping, locking and spinning using the music to help create different techniques. What has been great for the underground scene is its ability to sell more records now, and that is by and large due to the increase of smaller, independent record labels(see chapter 1). Labels such as Rawkus, Fondle ‘Em, Stones Throw, Goodvibe, ABB Records, and others can compete with majors like Bad Boy and Def Jam now because they are backed by people who have money and want to see hip-hop culture survive.

Just Taxation :: essays research papers

Index: I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introducing the problem  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Income vs. Consumption Tax  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A just tax base?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 V.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Liberutopia  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6 VI.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8 VII.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  References  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 Table of Figures: Figure 1: Consumption vs. income tax  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 Figure 2: Floating money and deposit money  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction In the debate of just taxation an argument came up, which insisted that any tax that distorts individual preferences should be considered as unjust. This argument is known as the â€Å"fairness-to- savers-argument†. The intention of this essay is to explain of what the fairness to savers argument consists, how to approach it and foremost why it is wrong. At first I will therefore explain the argument on the basis of it’s most common example. The following chapter will then provide a better insight into to exact circumstances, under which the fairness to savers argument might arise. Here the functionalities of the, in the example presented, tax bases will be addressed. To approach the rejection of the argument correctly, it will be necessary to determine what exactly â€Å"just† means and this will lead us to some assumption, which need to be made to prove the argument wrong. But before that, I will present the approach Murphy and Nagel make in their book â€Å"The myth of ownership† and why they are not able to reject the argument completely. Afterwards I will introduce my approach, which basically will show, that any kind of taxation will distort individual preferences and there from I derive, that the fairness to savers argu-ment must be invalid. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introducing the problem The basic problem of the fairness to savers argument, is the effect of different tax bases on individual preferences. The name of the argument follows from it’s most vivid example, which I want to address at first, for a better understanding of the issue. The example is often illustrated with the comparison between two individuals preference for saving, both taxed once under an income tax and once under a consumption tax. Let’s consider two people, Steve and John, both earn in t0 100$, the rate of return is in every period constantly at 10% and they are in every aspect totally similar, despite their individual time preference, which is for Steve at 3% and for John at 9%. That means exactly, that Steve is willing to save his money as long he gets at least a net return rate of 3% and John is willing to save his money as long he gets at least a net return rate of 9%. In case their time preference is higher than the net return rate, the utility they derive from immediate co nsumption will be greater than the utility they derive from saving, thus they won’t save their money.

Bacteria :: Science Chemistry Biology Experiment Essays

Bacteria Bacteria are the most common and ancient microorganisms on earth. Most bacteria are microscopic, measuring 1 micron in length. However, colonies of bacteria grown in a laboratory petri dish can be seen with the unaided eye. There are many divisions and classifications of bacteria that assist in identifying them. The first two types of bacteria are archaebacteria and eubacteria. Both groups have common ancestors dating to more than 3 billion years ago. Archaebacteria live in environments where, because of the high temperature, no other life can grow. These environments include hot springs and areas of volcanic activity. They contain lipids but lack certain chemicals in their cell wall. Eubacteria are all other bacteria. Most of them are phototrophic, i.e. they use the sun's energy as food through the process of photosynthesis. Another classification of bacteria is according to their need of oxygen to live. Those who do require oxygen to live are considered aerobes. The bacteria who don't use oxygen to live are known as anaerobes. The shape of specific bacteria provides for the next step in the identification process. Spherical bacteria are called cocci; the bacteria that have a rodlike shape are known as bacilli; corkscrew shaped bacteria are spirilla; and filamentous is the term for bacteria with a threadlike appearance. Hans Christian Joachim Gram, a Danish microbiologist, developed a method for distinguishing bacteria by their different reaction to a stain. The process of applying Gram's stain is as follows: the bacteria are stained with a violet dye and treated with Gram's solution (1 part iodine, 2 parts potassium iodide, and 300 parts water). Ethyl alcohol is then applied to the medium; the bacteria will either preserve the blue color of the original dye or they will obtain a red hue. The blue colored bacteria are gram-positive; the red bacteria are identified as gram-negative. Bacteria contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) just like all cells. However, in bacteria the DNA is arranged in a circular fashion rather than in strands. Bacteria also contain ribosomes which, like in eukaryotic cells, provide for protein synthesis. In order for a bacterium to attach itself to a surface, it requires the aid of pili, or hairlike growths. Bacteria, just like sperm cells, have flagella which assist in movement. But, sperm cells only have one flagellum, whereas bacteria contain flagella at several locations throughout their body surface.

Report on Adidas PEST and SWOT Essay

In this report I have tried to sketch a complete organizational picture of the adidas company. This include of current position of the company and its market share though out the world. To explain it the company’s SOWT and PEST analysis is briefly elaborated. A contrast of the Adidas with its competitors is added and the internal structure of the company is tried to shown in graphical snaps. The future strategies of the company are also listed that what kind of strategies formulated for adidas by their top managers. 2. Addias: Adidas is a sportswear manufacturing company that was started by Adolf Dassler. Adidas group has several brands including Adidas, Reebok, Taylor Made-Adidas and the Rockport. The company has spread its wing to incorporate other productions including handbags, shirts, spectacles, watches, balls, and sportswear. It is the largest company that sells footwear in the European market and has gained a significant market share at the global platform. Adidas has had a remarkable sale and has risen to the competition at the global scale with other international footwear companies. McDonald & Milne, (1999) state it in their journal. 2.1 Mission and vision of adidas: As the company is leading the global business of manufacturing and distribution of sports wear and accessories primarily to improve the sportsmen lifestyle. Adidas Group focuses on the objectives and puts total commitment towards strengthening the brand names. That’s why the mission and vision statement of the company is defined according to global context. Lussier & Kimball (2009) have both shown it in their work. 2.1.1 The Mission statement: â€Å"Our mission is to become the best sports brand in the world. To that end, we will never equate quantity with quality. Our founder Adi Dassler was passionate about sports. For Adidas, the athlete came first. He gave those on the field, the court and the track the unexpected and the little differences that made them more comfortable and improved performance. This is our legacy. This is what the brand stands for. This will never change.† 2.1.2 The Vision Statement: â€Å"To make adidas, products as high as sky and as wise as an owl† 2.2 The Functional over view of the company: The company operates in different segments under the executive brand name across the globe. These segments include retail and wholesale. The wholesale segment plays the leading role in the distribution of products from both Adidas and Reebok centers to all retail stores across the globe. On the other hand, the retailers are solely responsible of meeting with the demand of customers at the retail shops across the global market. Plunkett, ( 2008) explain it in his research. The Current Brand Division of Adidas Group: 2.3 The Strategy of Adidias Group: The adidas Group strives to be the global leader in the sportswear industry with brands built upon a passion for sports and a sporting lifestyle. We know that a profound understanding of the consumer and customer is essential to achieving this goal. To anticipate and respond to their needs, they continuously strive to create a culture of innovation, challenging there selves to break with convention and embrace change. By harnessing this culture, they push the boundaries of products, services and processes to strengthen their competitiveness and maximize the Group’s operational and financial performance. This, in turn, will drive long-term value creation for their shareholders. 3. The SWOT Analysis: Following is the brief SWOT analysis of the company in global context. 3.1 Strengths: Adidas is the world’s second largest maker of athletic footwear, apparel and equipment by Sales with revenues of $15,333.30 million Adidas group’s leading market position is built on its portfolio of strong brands, which enhances adidas market position and boosts its top line. Adidas’ portion of own retail has grown substantially giving adidas more brand control. Adidas operates over 2,200 stores for the adidas and Reebok brands worldwide. Adidas own†retail business includes: – e†commerce, – Mono branded stores run by retail partners, – Shop in shops established with key accounts, – Joint ventures with retail partners, – Co branded stores with sports organizations or other brands. 3.2 Weaknesses: China negatively impacted by clearance of high excess inventories following the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games which subdued consumer demand in 2009. Adidas outsources 95% of production to independent third†party suppliers in Asia, including 32% from China. Merchandise procured from foreign manufacturers is a weakness because it gives adidas less control over the product quality. †¢ Concerns over unsafe Chinese consumer products †¢ The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) has issued alerts and announced voluntary recalls by US companies on numerous products made in China. Vendor and manufacturer failures to achieve and maintain high manufacturing standards could result in manufacturing errors resulting in: †¢ Product recalls or withdrawals, †¢ Delays or interruptions of production, †¢ Cost overruns 3.3 Opportunities: Adidas has sponsorship agreements for major sports events across the globe †¢ Japan Football Association until March 2015 †¢ Australian Olympic Committee until 2016 †¢ Secured sponsorship rights to the 2014 FIFA World Cup Extended its partnership with: †¢ UEFA for the UEFA EURO 2012 †¢ UEFA EURO 2016 football championships †¢ UEFA Champions League Signed an 11†year global merchandising partnership agreement with the NBA †¢ Makes adidas the official uniform and apparel provider for the NBA, WNBA and the NBA Development League Official Sportswear Partner to 2012 Olympics in London. Sponsorship of major sports events helps the company strengthen its profitability and enhance its brand recall among consumers. 3.4 Threats: Widespread counterfeits deprive revenues for the company and can dilute the adidas brand image. The market for sports apparel and footwear has declined in 2009. †¢ Athletic footwear declined 3.2% in 2008 & 1.4% in 2009 †¢ Decline due to 3% decline in men’s footwear segment †¢ Active apparel declined by 4% †¢ Sports use apparel decreased by 5.5% in 2009. Lussier, R. N , & Kimball, D. C. (2009) explain it in their analysis report . 4. The PEST analysis: The external impact of adidas to worldwide is explained here. 4.1 Political: Adidas generates policies and monitor hazardous substance to protect human health and environment and also it protects the rights of its employees by following labor laws on country specific way. Adidas a multinational company need to consider the global political state as well as domestic political issues. It is important to monitor the government’s laws which affect the business of adidas. Since the political arena has a huge influence upon the regulation of public and private sector businesses, and the spending power of consumers and other businesses it has come necessary for adidas react dynamically and efficiency for these issues. The government enters in to any trade agreements adidas needs to keep it on track since it may affect the business. Government taxation policy plays a major role in company’s profit that’s why the efficient management of the adidas is always emphasizing on it. 4.2 Economical: Adidas as a multinational company maintain its strong economical growth year by year. In 2008, the adidas Group again delivered a strong financial performance. The product sales and the profitability gowned up in line with management’s initial expectations. Currency-neutral sales increased by 9%. And the double digits sales increase in adidas segment had the biggest impact on this development. Adidas managed to reduce its production cost with improving the product quality by locating the factory plants in Asia. 4.3 Social: There are no barriers for Adidas products like raise, age, religion, and lifestyle, it is always in fashion with special design in any product. Adidas focus in people who like sports and athletes, almost everybody beyond the boundaries. 4.4 Technological: Adidas introduces modern approaches to doing new and old things, Adidas join into technology by make up the world’s first â€Å"smart shoe†, adding a microchip inside the shoe and wireless mp3 player. Adidas uses hot melt system of production which is environment friendly. 5. Conclusion: The sportswear industry has developed into being more than just selling sportswear- and equipment. Due to heavy competition, organisations need to differentiate themselves and focus on both product attributes and brand values when creating brand strategies. Therefore, we can finally conclude that adidas brand themselves through personality traits and value propositions. However, the self-expressive, emotional, and functional benefits of the brands are somewhat diverse as they brand themselves through different personalities and therefore have different brand strategies. 6. References: McDonald, M. A., & Milne, G. R. (1999). Cases in sport marketing. London: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Lussier, R. N., & Kimball, D. C. (2009). Applied sport management skills. London: Human Kinetics. (Plunkett Research Ltd & Plunkett,2008). group.com/en/pressroom/assets/Resource_Center/adidas_Group/pdfs/Factsheet_Herzogenaurach_en.pdf Lussier, R. N., & Kimball, D. C. (2009). Applied sport management skills. London: Human Kinetics.

Mattel’s China Experience

In 1945, the Mattel brand was born. Ruth and Elliot Handler and Harold â€Å"Matt† Matson launched Mattel out of a garage workshop in Southern California. The first Mattel products were actually picture frames, but Elliot soon started using those picture frames to create dollhouse furniture. Harold Matson eventually sold out to his partner, Ruth and Elliot Handler. The Handler’s, encouraged by the success of the doll furniture and turned the emphasis of the company to toys. By 1955 Mattel was advertising toys through the popular show â€Å"Mickey Mouse Club†; this revolutionized the way toys were marketed. By 1959 Mattel had introduced Barbie, named after their daughter Barbara’s nickname. Barbie would soon lead Mattel to the forefront of the toy industry and fascinate girls all over the world for decades. In 1960, Mattel became a publicly owned company, stock was listed was listed on the New York and Pacific Coast Stock Exchanges in 1963. By 1965, sales topped $100 million and the company joined the Fortune 500. In the years to come Mattel would enter the ever growing electronics industry, they would also enter several joint ventures and licensing agreements that would earn them more profit (Mattel History, www. Mattel. com). In 2010, Mattel posted profit of $24. 8 million, or 7 cents a share, compared with a loss of $51 million, or 14 cents a share in the previous period. Sales totaled $880. 1 million, an increase of 12% compared with $785. 6 million a year earlier (Chang, 2010). A host of external factors can influence a firm’s decision of direction and action. Influencing Mattel’s decisions are economic factors, social factors, political factors, technological factors and ecological factors. Mattel must lso understand the globalization strategy as it will allow them to pursue opportunities anywhere in the world and enable them to optimize business functions in the countries in which it operates (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). Companies such as Mattel, seeking lower prices have benefited from the â€Å"China price† which was 30 to 50 percent cheaper than the cost to make the equivalent product in the U. S. Companies choose China for a variety of reasons including lower business costs, cheaper labor, facilities, plant and equipment and raw materials. There were also differences in regulatory oversight between China and many other countries, including the U. S. The U. S. banned lead toys in 1978; China only signed an agreement to do so in September of 2007 (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). Being a global company, Mattel faces multiple political, economic, legal, social and cultural environments as well as various changes within each of them. Other issues arise in geographic separation, cultural and national differences and variations of business practices which all tend to make control and communication efforts between headquarters and the overseas affiliates difficult. Global companies like Mattel also face intense competition due to the differences in industry structures within countries. External factors such as technological change force Mattel to promote innovation to remain competitive. Mattel must be aware of technological changes that might influence its industry. Political factors are also considered external and are designed to benefit and protect firms like Mattel. Political constraints are placed on firms through actions like fair trade decisions, antitrust laws, tax programs, minimum wage legislation, pricing and polluting, many of these aimed at protecting employee’s (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). Outsourcing to China also creates concerns in quality control as in the case of the 2007 recall for Mattel. In July of 2007, Mattel announced it would be voluntarily recalling some of its products from a contract manufacturer in China that was utilizing non-approved paint containing lead. Mattel requires that their manufacturing partners use paint from approved and certified suppliers and have procedures in place that test and verify but in this particular instance, procedures were not followed. Of the 19 million plus Mattel toys recalled, 2. 2 million were because of lead paint. Toys were pulled from the shelves of retailers, media frenzy ensued and public pressure was mounting. By the time the dust had settled from the recall, Mattel had recalled over 19 million toys that were produced in China. Their stock price had declined as they took a $40 million charge for the recalls and their cost increased. Customers were threatening to boycott Mattel and all toys that were made in China. When it appeared nothing could get worse for Mattel, congress sent a letter in 2008 charging that Robert was not honoring the commitment he made to the public during the initial recall incident (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). Mattel had to determine what next steps they would take to recover from such a crisis and move quickly in order to protect their brand. Mattel had to identify an approach to the recalls that would enable them to protect the Mattel brand and their reputation while not undermining their intent to be the â€Å"World’s Premiere Toy Brand – Today and Tomorrow† (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). Moving forward a solution this type of dilemma should include increased quality control efforts in all areas, increased audits and inspections to retain compliance with industry standards. Chinese policy makers would also need to review their policies and change the countries practices to reduce such problems. In the months after the recall China announced high profile inspections and clampdowns on quality. Another solution would be for producers could subject individual shipments of toys to the same box-by-box inspection that is now applied to pet food additives. China could also force exporters to conform to foreign food and product safety standards, even if they exceed China’s own laws (Oneal, Callahan, & Osnos, N. D. ). Current safety checks in place, including independent audits would need to be reviewed as they did not prevent the chain of events leading to the recall (Story, 2007). There are many different solutions mentioned above that could work together to minimize the likelihood of such massive recalls in the future. Mattel should increase its quality controls for the toy industry, especially for product produced in China. The company and its subsidiaries should comply with the suggested standards of the CPSC Toy Safety Standards which can inspect, monitor, prosecute and even fine for defects. Mattel should report a defect or recall within 24 hours of discovery which did not happen in this case and lead to many distraught consumers that had lost faith in the Mattel brand. Instead of shifting blame to producers in China, Mattel needs to realize that it was their choice to produce in China and therefore the producers are not completely at fault. Mattel also needs to determine the root cause of the problem in order to perform corrective action and prevent it from happening again. Increased quality control and testing should be implemented immediately after a recall of this magnitude. Investigations should take place immediately and continue ongoing until it is deemed that all quality control issues have been addressed. Mattel should take appropriate actions with its producers if it finds that their safety procedures were knowingly ignored. In this case Mattel worked to intercept incoming shipments to keep potentially hazardous problems from being placed on store shelves. Mattel should continue to focus on protecting children from lead-tainted imports (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). In conclusion, in preparation for another scenario similar to the toy recall, Mattel could incorporate the following objectives into their action plan. Objective 1: Get all pertinent information about the recall to the public accurately, efficiently and quickly. Objective 2: Reassure consumers, parents especially, that Mattel is committed to making the safest toys, fixing the problem and being honest and open. Objective 3: Take responsibility for the recall, Mattel should solve the problem while maintaining a stable relationship with producers in China (Mattel Toy Recall, 2007).

Constitutionality of the new health care reforms Essay

This paper seeks to discuss the constitutionality of the new health care law in the United States of America, the Affordable Healthcare Act. The paper will discuss on the diverse understanding and conception of the new law among the common citizenry in America, business class as well as the health care service providers. Health care to any person is a sensitive topic attracts attention of any government that is willing to have its citizens remain healthy and productive. It is a constitutional requirement for the government provides affordable health care to its citizens. This is what the United States government has moved to enable through The Affordable Health Care Act. This Act’s principle focus is to ensure more Americans are able to access affordable health care. The bill provided for improved quality of health care, affordable attention to all Americans, especially those of low economy in the country. Improved and affordable health care extending to all guarantees access to health care to the young and the seniors as well as those with pre-existing conditions (Siegel, N.S. 2012). Though the numbers of the citizens who have enrolled in the health care programs after the enactment of The Affordable Health care is not as high as expected, the percentages of the individuals enrolled in the health care services. This may be attributed to the convenience attached the programs that does not discriminate against age or conditions at the time of enrollment. However the rising numbers of the individuals enrolling in the program have come with the various challenges, some of which are detrimental to people’s welfare. Due to the poorly planned change of medical care, a great number of Americans have been forced to abandon their previous health insurance services from the companies were not abiding to all the provisions of the new standards set by the new rules. The period between changes of health care insurance cover to the new program was not provided for by the government, including the value forgone, which is not compensable by the government. The new rules have created panic among upcoming health insurance providers who were not attaining the standards provided in the new law due to loss of clientele. As a result, unemployment has been experienced to many and to the unmanageable employee retention capabilities of the affected companies (Siegel, N.S. 2012). The Act provides for access to the service by young adults who may not be able to afford to pay the premiums themselves by accessing the cover through their parents or guardians’ plan. Young adults below the age of 26 are eligible to the affordable health care even if they cannot be able to raise their own premiums. This has guaranteed affordable and quality health care to millions of unemployed young adults. The policy was created to reach more people and enable them access health care. The move was right and targeted the greater portion of America’s population through the service to the young adults. However the statistics show that older people get sick and need the insurance cover much more than younger people and therefore the policy only theoretically reaches more people through the youth, but more so fail to identify the bigger population that is vulnerable to ailments (Bateman C. 2013). Through this plan, more people who appreciate the new law will end up dropping their current health service providers who are not cost friendly for the new affordable and quality plan. This will cause a confusion to the health service providers who may be facing abrupt changes which will affect scores of people who seek their services, thus ailing their businesses. The law leaves the State and the federal government to raise funds to be able to finance the plan. This translates to increased revenue collected by the state and the federal government, which means taxes will be and continue to be increased in order to maintain the health plan (Parks D. 2012). The law has as well provided for the Children health insurance plan, which has seen the number of the children reached go up to nine million children. The Act has given assurance to the mothers of quality and affordable health insurance services for their children. Reaching up to over nine million children means more funding requirements for the program to run smoothly. This has called for increased taxation on Americans to sustain the program. This is because financing has to be done by the federal government and the state (Siegel, N.S. 2012). The services come with lowered costs as compared to the pre-existing form of health insurance service provision. At the low cost of accessing health care insurance, more Americans find themselves in a situation where they have irrelevant or no reason for lack of health care insurance cover. One of the core elements of the Affordable health care act is that the people have more say in the access and quality of service. This is contrary to the former system where a few health insurance companies controlled the business making the citizens vulnerable to the efficiency of the company administrations which affected the quality and cost of service. The cost to service seekers is properly considered for the fact that insurance companies will not be able to arbitrarily increase the cost of premiums. This puts the contributors of the premiums, be it the employers, employees or the unemployed in a state where they are able to plan for their money over longer periods of time. The welfare of the contributors is also protected by the law in that the insurers are supposed to ensure that the expenses are primarily and sorely on providing health care and not other non-related costs or even administrative costs. Low cost associated with access to proper, affordable and quality healthcare has come by courtesy of un-intentional sacrifice of Americans to fund and maintain the program. Funding by the government only means more funds demanded from the public, which is only possible through raised taxation. Low cost is also arguably determined as unrealistic as the initial costs for the program to come to life and run is not clearly portrayed. The program faced great challenges in the internet communication platform that is supposed to be easy and user-friendly for all. Setting up of the platform is another high costing endeavor that the government had to go through, with the taxpayers’ money to see it work. Initial costs may be high and seem unrealistic to run the program, but the analysts show that the government will not only be able to see it budgets deficit covered, but also a lot of savings on insurance health care of the state and the federal governments with time. The Act has put to an end lifetime and annual limits. This comes much cost effectively extending full benefits to the enjoyment of the insurance policy. This is much better as related to the earlier plans in which there were annual dollar limits allowed for the insured. The plan demanded the excess of limits paid in cash, which limited the insured from the accessing the insurance services. The plans entail the patient’s right to maintain the health provider at more lowered costs. The idea of covering patients with pre-existing conditions and normal costs is a new thing that has seen many Americans embrace the laws (In Hall, M. A, & In Allhoff, F. 2014).Old people can now comfortably enroll for the programs and enjoy the health insurance services without being exorbitantly charged or even being denied the services due to their age. This has clearly portrayed the intended purpose of the law, which is to reach out the all, and especially the low to middle income Americans as well as the old. Due to the affordability of the premiums, it has translated to increased number of would be marginalized group being able to enjoy the services of the program. The plan has managed to reduce the biased quality of service among different health providers based on their ability to pay for the most qualified consultants, leading to the high cost of acquiring highly qualified health consultants, which often leads to a deficiency of consultants in other facilities due to their low cost and inability to pay the best consultants. The affordable health care plan has many positives, but has failed to protect the plight of businesses behind healthcare services. The health service providers are forced to deliver health services within the limits of the available resources, thus limiting their competitive advantage which often leads to improved quality of services with competitive costs. This has as well come with the challenge of increased need for more funding, by the federal government and the state. Sources of revenue such as taxes have to be enhanced to manage the services and also to maintain them (In Hall, M. A, & In Allhoff, F. 2014).The law has provided that for businesses with up to 50 employees on a full time engagement must be provided for the cover by the business. This has made the access to the insurance cover to many more employees. Employer are now able to afford quality and affordable health insurance services for their employees. The law has seen the insurance premiums paid by employers go down significantly with no compromise on quality of health service or even reducing the number of employees. This is the bigger picture of the plan, however, other employers see the new law being inefficient, costly and failing with lack of clarity on the very fundamental issues when it comes to health care services and therefore seeking more satisfying alternatives. This state of the situation is making many employers to maintain their existing health insurance schemes, even if costly to them and their employees, basing on the fact that they understand the schemes they have been used and are not ready to shift to a new model that is not well known to the would be beneficiary, or even the service providers to whom the plan has been imposed through the law. The obvious uncertainties have led to unplanned costly programs by many employers who are opting to provide their employees with education on how to lower health risks or exposure to activities or situations that would warrant them seeking health services. (In Hall, M. A, & In Allhoff, F. 2014).Conclusions The health care is a new beginning for Americans in the health laws and sector. The law will be able to guarantee the intended subject with coverage that provides them with unbiased provision of services, whether they have pre-existing condition or not, with no health plans to limit or even plans that limit children’s benefits. The law has provided the young generation with an assurance of health care plan that was never thought of to cover in such a manner that even poor young people could afford. This will see parents who have young adults under their care access affordable and quality health care. The plan will see an end to insurance coverage withdraws by insurance companies on the basis of honest mistakes. This will assure continued enjoyment of services. The plan has as well come with the right to reconsideration for rejection of payments which was not there before. The Law will see to great favorable cost effects the states, federal governments, employers, employees and the unemployed. This will be due to the removal of lifetime limits. The law prohibits increasing of insurance premiums through controlled review process, which will be done in public and must show reason. The new plans are also designed and guided to ensure that the insured get value for money by making sure that money paid up premiums for health insurance is utilized on health insurance. This will limit insurance companies from using money contributed as health premiums for their own non-health related activities. The new law will see to it that care is provided to the best level possible. This is provided by the fact that the cover caters for preventive care without costs under recommendations. The law also gives the insured the prerogative to choose a doctor who will provide basic care needed. This not only gives the insured the right to the choice of the doctor as a fundamental thing necessarily, but also the confidence of the insured that as the insured is in control of health paid for. The plan has created a high level of freedom as to emergency services sought by doing away with barriers usually planted by insurance companies. This plan provides the insured with the feeling and enjoyment of fundamental freedom and right to immediate and quality emergency attention at any health facility, whether within or outside his network in a health plan. The basic provisions of this law are well within the fundamental rights and freedoms of the American populations as provided in the constitution and other laws. The Affordable Healthcare Act does not violate any constitutional provision in its endeavor to ensure quality and affordable health care. References Bateman, C. (December 01, 2013). Pretenders to the throne of affordable healthcare? : izindaba.  South African Medical Journal,  103,  12, 885-886. Health Law Institute, & Pennsylvania Bar Institute. (2012).  18th annual Health Law Institute. Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Pennsylvania Bar Institute. In Hall, M. A., & In Allhoff, F. (2014).  The Affordable Care Act decision: Philosophical and legal implications. Parks, D. (2012).  Health Care Reform Simplified: What Professionals in Medicine, Government, Insurance, and Business Need to Know. Dordrecht: Springer. Sachs, Stephen E. (2012).  The Uneasy Case for the Affordable Care Act. (Faculty Scholarship.) Duke University School of Law. Siegel, N. S. (2012).  The constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act: Ideas from the academy. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University School of Law Source document